Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/glāʀōn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from *glaʀ, a byform of *glas (whence Old English glæren (“glassy”)). Alternatively, perhaps a secondary formation from a Proto-West Germanic component *glāʀ- +‎ *-ōn,^[1] related to Proto-West Germanic *glāʀ (“glass, amber”). Regardless, both pathways trace to the same ultimate root. Compare also Proto-Germanic *glēsijaną (“to shine, glare”).

Verb

*glaʀōn or *glāʀōn

to shine like glass; to beam, be radiant, glow
to resinate

Inflection

Class 2 weak
Infinitive	*glāʀōn
1st sg. past	*glāʀōdā
Infinitive	*glāʀōn
Genitive infin.	*glāʀōnijas
Dative infin.	*glāʀōnijē
Instrum. infin.	*glāʀōniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*glāʀō	*glāʀōdā
2nd singular	*glāʀōs	glāʀōdēs, glāʀōdōs
3rd singular	*glāʀōþ	glāʀōdē, glāʀōdā
1st plural	*glāʀōm	*glāʀōdum
2nd plural	*glāʀōþ	*glāʀōdud
3rd plural	*glāʀōnþ	*glāʀōdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*glāʀō	*glāʀōdī
2nd singular	*glāʀōs	*glāʀōdī
3rd singular	*glāʀō	*glāʀōdī
1st plural	*glāʀōm	*glāʀōdīm
2nd plural	*glāʀōþ	*glāʀōdīd
3rd plural	*glāʀōn	*glāʀōdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*glāʀō
Plural	*glāʀōþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*glāʀōndī	*glāʀōd

Related terms

*glaʀīn
*glas

Descendants

Note: It's unclear whether the stem vowel was a or ā, as the daughter languages show a mix of both/either.

Old English: *glærian, *glārian
- >? Middle English: glaren (“to shine brightly, glitter; to stare wildly”) (possibly borrowed from Dutch or Low German)
  - English: glare
- >? Middle English: gloren (“to shine, gleam, glow; glisten”)
  - English: glore, gloar (“to gaze, stare, shine, glow”)
  - Scots: glore (“to stare”)
Old Frisian: *gleria, *glēria
- Saterland Frisian: glärje, gläärje (“to smear, smear with something greasy”)
- West Frisian: glierje (“to shine, radiate”)
Old Saxon: *glarōn, *glārōn
- Middle Low German: glâren, glaren
  - German Low German: glären (“to glow, smoulder”)
- Middle Low German: *glaren, glarren (“to resinate”)
  - German Low German: glaren (“to ooze a fatty substance”)
Old Dutch: *glaron, *glāron
- Middle Dutch: glaren
  - Dutch: glaren (dated)
  - West Flemish: glariën
Old High German: *glarōn
- Middle High German: *glaren
  - Alemannic German: glaren, gloren (“to shine, shimmer”)
- Middle High German: glarren (“to stare”)
  - ⇒ Middle High German: ferglarren, verglarren (“to fail to see properly, overlook”)
  - ⇒ Middle High German: glarrouge (“staring eye”)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlēsjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 136

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlēsjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 136

[1]