Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/grulljan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; presumably related to *gralljan (“to shout at, antagonize”).

Verb

*grulljan

  1. to growl, grumble
  2. to jeer, anger

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive *grulljan
1st sg. past *gruldā
Infinitive *grulljan
Genitive infin. *grulljannjas
Dative infin. *grulljannjē
Instrum. infin. *grulljannju
Indicative Present Past
1st singular *grullju *gruldā
2nd singular *grulisi *gruldēs, *gruldōs
3rd singular *gruliþi *gruldē, *gruldā
1st plural *grulljum *gruldum
2nd plural *gruliþ *gruldud
3rd plural *grulljanþ *gruldun
Subjunctive Present Past
1st singular *grulljē *gruldī
2nd singular *grulljēs *gruldī
3rd singular *grulljē *gruldī
1st plural *grulljēm *gruldīm
2nd plural *grulljēþ *gruldīd
3rd plural *grulljēn *gruldīn
Imperative Present
Singular *gruli
Plural *gruliþ
Present Past
Participle *grulljandī *gruld

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Old English: gryllan
    • Middle English: grullen, gruellen
  • Old Saxon: *grullian
    • Middle Low German: grullen, grüllen
      • German Low German: grullen
  • Old Dutch: *grullen
  • Old High German: *grullen
  • → Old French: grouller
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