Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kwād

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kwēdaz (“defecated, filthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷweH-tó-s, *gʷuH-tó-s (“defecated”), from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”) +‎ *-tós. Cognate with Old Armenian կու (ku), կոյ (koy, “excrement”).^[1]

Adjective

*kwād

bad, evil

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*kwād
Genitive	*kwādas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kwād	*kwādu	*kwād
Accusative	*kwādanā	*kwādā	*kwād
Genitive	*kwādas	*kwādeʀā	*kwādas
Dative	*kwādumē	*kwādeʀē	*kwādumē
Instrumental	*kwādu	*kwādeʀu	*kwādu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kwādē	*kwādō	*kwādu
Accusative	*kwādā	*kwādā	*kwādu
Genitive	*kwādeʀō	*kwādeʀō	*kwādeʀō
Dative	kwādēm, kwādum	kwādēm, kwādum	kwādēm, kwādum
Instrumental	kwādēm, kwādum	kwādēm, kwādum	kwādēm, kwādum

Descendants

Old English: *cwǣd, *cwēad
- Middle English: qued
  - Scots: quad, quaid, queid
Old Frisian: quād
- Saterland Frisian: kwood
- West Frisian: kwea
Old Saxon: *quād
- Middle Low German: quât
  - German Low German: quaad
  - Low German: quaad
Old Dutch: quād
- Middle Dutch: quaet
  - Dutch: kwaad
    - Afrikaans: kwaad
  - Limburgish: kwaod
Old High German: *quāt
- Middle High German: quāt
  - Central Franconian: kodd

Noun

*kwād n^[1]

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kwād
Genitive	*kwādas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kwād	*kwādu
Accusative	*kwād	*kwādu
Genitive	*kwādas	*kwādō
Dative	*kwādē	*kwādum
Instrumental	*kwādu	*kwādum

Descendants

Old English: cwēad
- Middle English: qued
Old Frisian: quād
- >? Saterland Frisian: Keete
- >? West Frisian: kwea; kjitte
Old Saxon: *kwād
- Middle Low German: quât
  - German Low German: Quaad
Old Dutch: *kwād
- Middle Dutch: quaet
  - Dutch: kwaad
    - Afrikaans: kwaad
  - Limburgish: kwaod
Old High German: quāt, kōt
- Middle High German: quāt, kāt, quōt, kōt
  - German: Kot
  - Cimbrian: khòat

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Kot”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 407: “*kwǣda-”

[EWddS-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Kot”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 407: “*kwǣda-”

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