Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rāmēn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *rām (“goal, aim”) +‎ *-ēn.

Verb

*rāmēn^[1]

to strive for, aim for

Inflection

Class 3 weak
Infinitive	*rāmēn
1st sg. past	*rām?dā
Infinitive	*rāmēn
Genitive infin.	*rāmēnijas
Dative infin.	*rāmēnijē
Instrum. infin.	*rāmēniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*rāmē	*rām?dā
2nd singular	*rāmēs	rām?dēs, rām?dēs
3rd singular	*rāmēþ	rām?dē, rām?dā
1st plural	*rāmēm	*rām?dum
2nd plural	*rāmēþ	*rām?dud
3rd plural	*rāmēnþ	*rām?dun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*rāmē	*rām?dī
2nd singular	*rāmēs	*rām?dī
3rd singular	*rāmē	*rām?dī
1st plural	*rāmēm	*rām?dīm
2nd plural	*rāmēþ	*rām?dīd
3rd plural	*rāmēn	*rām?dīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*rāmē
Plural	*rāmēþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*rāmēndī	*rām?d

Alternative reconstructions

*rāmōn

Descendants

Old English: rōmian, rōmiġan
Old Frisian: ramia, remia, rammia
- North Frisian: rame
- West Frisian: raamje, rame
Old Saxon: rōmon, rōmigan, ruomon, rūmian, rūmon
- Middle Low German: râmen (“to aim for, seek to meet”)
  - German Low German: råmen (“to overwhelm, conquer; to meet, encounter”)^[2] (also < OS *ramon (“to overwhelm”) ⇐ PWG *ramm (“overwhelming”))
  - → Danish: ramme
Old Dutch: *rāmon
- Middle Dutch: râmen
  - Dutch: ramen
    - Afrikaans: raam
Old High German: rāmēn, rāmōn
- Middle High German: rāmen, ræmen
  - German: rahmen, rähmen (archaic)

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 143: “PWGmc *rāmē-”
^ Frischbier, H. (1883) “råmen”, in Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge‎^[1], volumes II: L – Z, Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin, page 211

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 143: “PWGmc *rāmē-”

[2] Frischbier, H. (1883) “råmen”, in Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge‎^[1], volumes II: L – Z, Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin, page 211

[1]

[2]