Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/sparēn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *sparāną. Equivalent to *spar (“sparing, frugal”) +‎ *-ēn.

Verb

*sparēn^[1]

to spare

Inflection

Class 3 weak
Infinitive	*sparēn
1st sg. past	*spar?dā
Infinitive	*sparēn
Genitive infin.	*sparēnijas
Dative infin.	*sparēnijē
Instrum. infin.	*sparēniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*sparē	*spar?dā
2nd singular	*sparēs	spar?dēs, spar?dēs
3rd singular	*sparēþ	spar?dē, spar?dā
1st plural	*sparēm	*spar?dum
2nd plural	*sparēþ	*spar?dud
3rd plural	*sparēnþ	*spar?dun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*sparē	*spar?dī
2nd singular	*sparēs	*spar?dī
3rd singular	*sparē	*spar?dī
1st plural	*sparēm	*spar?dīm
2nd plural	*sparēþ	*spar?dīd
3rd plural	*sparēn	*spar?dīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*sparē
Plural	*sparēþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*sparēndī	*spar?d

Descendants

Old English: sparian
- Middle English: sparien, sparen
  - Scots: spar, spair
  - English: spare
Old Frisian: sparia, spara
- Saterland Frisian: spoarje
- West Frisian: sparje
Old Saxon: sparōn
- Middle Low German: sparen
  - German Low German: sparen
Old Dutch: *sparon
- Middle Dutch: spāren
  - Dutch: sparen
    - Afrikaans: spaar
    - Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
    - → Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
    - → Papiamentu: spar, spaar
Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
- Middle High German: sparn
  - German: sparen
  - Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
    - Esperanto: ŝpari
  - Luxembourgish: spueren
→ Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
- Italo-Romance:
  - Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
    - Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
  - Neapolitan: sparagnà
  - Sicilian: sparagnari
- Padanian:
  - Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
  - Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
  - Piedmontese: spargné
  - Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
  - Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
  - Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
    Valdôtain: éparmir
  - Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
    - ⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
  - Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
    - French: épargner
  - Walloon: spârgnî
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
  - Occitan: esparnhar

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 162: “PWGmc *sparē-”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 162: “PWGmc *sparē-”

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