Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stīfēn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *stīf (“rigid, stiff”) +‎ *-ēn.

Verb

*stīfēn

  1. to become rigged, stiffen

Inflection

Class 3 weak
Infinitive *stīfēn
1st sg. past *stīf?dā
Infinitive *stīfēn
Genitive infin. *stīfēnijas
Dative infin. *stīfēnijē
Instrum. infin. *stīfēniju
Indicative Present Past
1st singular *stīfē *stīf?dā
2nd singular *stīfēs *stīf?dēs, *stīf?dēs
3rd singular *stīfēþ *stīf?dē, *stīf?dā
1st plural *stīfēm *stīf?dum
2nd plural *stīfēþ *stīf?dud
3rd plural *stīfēnþ *stīf?dun
Subjunctive Present Past
1st singular *stīfē *stīf?dī
2nd singular *stīfēs *stīf?dī
3rd singular *stīfē *stīf?dī
1st plural *stīfēm *stīf?dīm
2nd plural *stīfēþ *stīf?dīd
3rd plural *stīfēn *stīf?dīn
Imperative Present
Singular *stīfē
Plural *stīfēþ
Present Past
Participle *stīfēndī *stīf?d

Alternative reconstructions

  • *stīfōn

Descendants

  • Old English: stīfian
    • Middle English: stiven
  • Old Frisian: stīvia
    • West Frisian: stiivje
  • Old Saxon: *stīvōn
    • Middle Low German: stīven
  • Old Dutch: *stīvon
    • Middle Dutch: stiven
  • Old High German: *stīfēn, *stīfōn
    • Middle High German: stīfen
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