Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/seŋʷ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *seŋ (per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *sēˑŋ (for Proto-Ketic, per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *seŋʷda (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)

Reconstruction notes

Compound forms in Kottic and Arinic have opaque internal etymologies, though all listed terms derive from this root, one way or another.

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Na-Dene *seŋʷtˀ (“liver”); Proto-Athabaskan *-zə̓tʼ (“liver”) and Eyak sahd (“liver”). According to Fortescue-Vajda (2022), the meaning 'liver' is the original, which then underwent semantic broading to come to mean any vital internal organ, evolving into most notably 'stomach' and 'heart' in compounds and via various affixed forms.

Noun

*seŋʷ (plural *seŋʷ-Vŋ)

  1. (anatomy) any vital internal organ; liver?
    Coordinate terms: *puj (“heart”), *wodja (“stomach”)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Ket: сеӈ (sʲɛ̄ŋ, “liver”)
    • ⇒ Ket: сэӈнин (sɛ́ŋnín), сэӈнан (sɛ́ŋnan, “stomach”, literally “vital organ-belly”)
    • ⇒ Ket: сиӈдарэӈ (síŋdarɛŋ, “diaphragm”, literally “vital organ-of-bones [ribs]”)
    • ⇒ Ket: мэнсиӈ (mɛ̄nsiŋ, “lungs”, literally “two-vital organ”)
    • Yug: сеӈ (sēŋ, “liver”)
    • ⇒ Yug: сэннян (sénʲnʲan, “stomach”, literally “vital-organ-belly”), сеӈниӈ (seŋnʲiŋ, “entrails”, literally “vital-organ-belly”)
  • Kottic:
    • ⇒ Kott: šičil, šišil (“liver”)
    • ⇒ Kott: šišatɨn, šičâtn (“lungs”)
  • Arinic:
    • ⇒ Arin: sal (“liver”)
    • ⇒ Arin: šišali (“lungs”)
    • ⇒ Arin: šintrun (“bowels”)
    • ⇒? Arin: šódoroŋ (“entrails”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *seŋʷ(-d)-puj (“heart”, literally “vital organ-heart”)[1]
    • Kottic:
      • Assan: šitábu, ščitabu
      • Kott: šitabu, šitapu, šitap, šítabii
    • Arinic:
      • Arin: šenoúgbu, šenebo

References

  1. ^ Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*sitʰa-pʰu”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 809

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “'heart'”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 63 of 39-82
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “44.) ~*sejŋʷd()”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 347-348
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*sēˑŋ (2)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 779
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “s'eˑŋ”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 190
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “entrails, heart, liver, lungs”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 294, 302, 307, 308
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