berdikari

Indonesian

Alternative forms

  • Berdikari (historical, chiefly in reference to Sukarno's policy)

Etymology

Blend of berdiri (“to stand”) +‎ diatas (“on”) +‎ kaki (“feet”) +‎ sendiri (“own”). Coined by Sukarno[1] in the 1960s as a slogan for his economic policy, popularized (among others) by his use of the term in the opening remark for the 3rd General Session of Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) on 11 April 1965[2] and the Indonesian Independence Day public address on 17 August 1965.[3][4]

Pronunciation

  • (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /bərdiˈkari/ [bər.diˈka.ri]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ari
  • Syllabification: ber‧di‧ka‧ri

Verb

berdikari

  1. (figurative, intransitive) To stand on one's own two feet; to be independent and self-reliant.
    • 1965 May, “Editorial: Melaksanakan berdiri diatas kaki sendiri dalam ekonomi [Editorial: Achieving self-reliance in economy]”, in Madjalah Perekonomian Nasional‎[2], number 52, page 1:
      Berdikari sudah tentu bukan berarti memutuskan sama sekali perdagangan dengan luar negeri, sebab jang dimaksudkan dengan „BERDIKARI” adalah „melepaskan diri dari ketergantungan pada luar negeri”. Dalam hal ini Berdikari perlu diartikan bahwa perekonomian kita dapat berdiri diatas[sic] kaki sendiri dan madju melangkah.
      To be self-reliant surely does not mean severing our trade relations with foreign nations, because what is meant by "TO BE SELF-RELIANT" is "to free ourselves from dependence on foreign nations". In this context being self-reliant should be understood as having our economy standing on its own feet and stepping forward.
    • 1965 August, Sukarno, Tjapailah bintang-bintang di langit! (Tahun Berdikari) [Reach for stars on the sky! (The Year of Self-Reliance)], Jakarta: B.P. Prapantja:
      Ini merupakan langkah penting bagi R.I., jang dengan azas Berdikari sedang menegakkan perekonomian nasionalnja sendiri, jang bebas samasekali[sic] dari imperialisme maupun feodalisme.
      This is an important step for the R[epublic of] I[ndonesia], which, with the principle of being self-reliant, is building up its own national economy, completely free from imperialism and feudalism.
    • 1984, Henry Guntur Tarigan, Membaca ekspresif [Expressive reading]‎[3], Bandung: Angkasa, →ISBN, page 42:
      Pada tingkatan kelas 5 dan 6, para siswa sudah bekerja secara berdikari, berdiri sendiri dalam menilai kerumitan suatu tugas serta memperkirakan waktu kerja yang dibutuhkan.
      On Grade 5 and Grade 6 levels, the students should have worked by being self-reliant, capable on their own to assess the complexity of a task and estimate the time needed to complete it.
    • 1998, Marga T., Didera sesal dan duka [Enduring guilt and grief]‎[4], Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, →ISBN, page 90:
      Anda kan tahu, dia tak pernah berdikari, tidak bisa mengambil keputusan sendiri. Sejak kecil selalu ada orang yang mengatur hidupnya.
      You know it, she was never self-reliant, she could not decide for herself. Since her childhood there was always someone organizing her life.
    • 2015 November 15, Muhammad Iqbal, “Microsoft ajak pelajar Yogyakarta kembangkan coding [Microsoft encourages Yogyakartan students to develop coding skills]”, in Tempo‎[5], archived from the original on 27 May 2025:
      UGM ingin setelah mahasiswanya lulus mampu berdikari dan tidak harus bergantung dengan orang lain [...]
      UGM hopes for its graduates to be capable of being self-reliant and not having to depend on other people [...]
    • 2023, Ambar Pertiwiningrum, Rachmawan Budiarto, Derajad S. Widhyharto, Supriadi, Biogas untuk kemandirian energi di perdesaan [Biogas for energy self-sufficiency in rural areas]‎[6], Sleman: Gadjah Mada University Press, →ISBN, page 138:
      Pemanfaatan biogas dapat mengurangi ketergantungan petani pada industri pertanian. Masyarakat pedesaan tidak lagi menjadi pasar, namun berdikari dalam usaha pertanian mereka sendiri.
      The utilization of biogas may reduce farmers' dependence on agricultural industries. Rural communities would no longer be end consumers, instead they would be self-reliant in their own agricultural enterprises.

Derived terms

  • ekonomi berdikari
  • keberdikarian

Descendants

  • → Malay: berdikari

References

  1. ^ Ivan Lanin (2020) Recehan bahasa: Baku tak mesti kaku [Language trifles: Standardized speech need not be bookish] (in Indonesian), Bandung: Qanita, →ISBN, page 96: “Istilah berdikari dicetuskan Bung Karno. Berdikari adalah akronim dari berdiri di atas kaki sendiri, bukan ber- + dikari. ― The term berdikari was coined by Bung Karno. Berdikari is an acronym of berdiri di atas kaki sendiri, not ber- + dikari.”
  2. ^ Sukarno (1965) Berdiri diatas kaki sendiri (Berdikari): Amanat politik pada pembukaan sidang umum ke-III Madjelis Permusjawaratan Rakjat Sementara, tanggal 11 April 1965 [Standing on one's own two feet (Berdikari): Political communiqué at the opening of the 3rd General Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly, on 11 April 1965] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: B.P. Prapantja
  3. ^ Bernhard Dahm (1971) P. S. Falla, transl., History of Indonesia in the twentieth century, London: Pall Mall Press, →ISBN:
    [...] year by year fresh slogans were coined, generally in the form of sonorous abbreviations of the titles of Sukarno's national day speeches, for example: [...] 1965, Berdikari (Berdiri diatas[sic] kaki sendiri = standing on one's own feet)
  4. ^ Dadang S. Anshori (2020) Bahasa rezim: Cermin bahasa dalam kekuasaan [Language of the regime: The manifestation of language in power] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, →ISBN, page 48

Further reading

Malay

Etymology

Borrowed from Indonesian berdikari, analysed as a blend of berdiri (“to stand”) +‎ atas (“on”) +‎ kaki (“feet”) +‎ sendiri (“own”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bə(r)diˈkari/ [bə(r).diˈka.ri]
  • Rhymes: -ari, -ri, -i
  • Hyphenation: ber‧di‧ka‧ri

Verb

berdikari (Jawi spelling برديکاري)

  1. (figurative, intransitive) To stand on one's own two feet; to be independent and self-sufficient.

References

  1. ^ Nik Safiah Karim, Abdul Hamid Mahmood, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Haji Musa (2015) “7.3.1 Kata Kerja Tunggal”, in Tatabahasa Dewan‎[1] (in Malay), page 150: “Tentang kata kerja tunggal berbentuk akronim, terdapat hanya satu kata kerja akronim dalam bahasa Melayu, iaitu berdikari yang diwujudkan daripada singkatan berdiri atas kaki sendiri. ― In regards to single verbs in the form of acronyms, there is only one in Malay, which is berdikari which was derived from a shortening of berdiri atas kaki sendiri.”

Further reading

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