bi quan

Vietnamese

Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 悲觀, composed of 悲 (“sad; compassionate”) and 觀 (“outlook”), from Japanese 悲観 (hikan, literally “sad outlook”), reinterpreted from Buddhist Literary Chinese 悲觀 (bēiguān, literally “compassionate outlook”), mentioned in the Chinese version of the Lotus Sutra together with 慈觀 / 慈观 (từ quan, literally “benevolent outlook”). See also từ bi and Quan Thế Âm.

Pronunciation

  • (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔɓi˧˧ kwaːn˧˧]
  • (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔɓɪj˧˧ kwaːŋ˧˧]
  • (Saigon) IPA(key): [ʔɓɪj˧˧ waːŋ˧˧]

Adjective

bi quan

  1. pessimistic
    Antonym: lạc quan
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