coudre
Champenois
Noun
coudre
- (Auve) elbow
References
- Tarbé, Prosper (1851) Recherches sur l'histoire du langage et des patois de Champagne[1] (in French), volume 1, Reims, page 109
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French coudre, cosdre, from Vulgar Latin *cōsere, from Latin cōnsuere.
The original Old French infinitive was *co(u)sre, where -d- was inserted as a gliding sound. The preconsonantal -s- then became silent, in this case dropping from the spelling relatively early on. The d-spellings in the present tense are merely analogical (for expected je cous, il coût).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kudʁ/
Audio: (file)
Verb
coudre
Conjugation
This verb is conjugated like rendre, except that its stem is coud- in only part of the conjugation. Before endings that begin with vowels, the stem cous- (with a /-z-/ sound) is used instead; for example, nous cousons, not *nous coudons.
Conjugation of coudre (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | coudre | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | cousant /ku.zɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | cousu /ku.zy/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | couds /ku/ |
couds /ku/ |
coud /ku/ |
cousons /ku.zɔ̃/ |
cousez /ku.ze/ |
cousent /kuz/ |
| imperfect | cousais /ku.zɛ/ |
cousais /ku.zɛ/ |
cousait /ku.zɛ/ |
cousions /ku.zjɔ̃/ |
cousiez /ku.zje/ |
cousaient /ku.zɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | cousis /ku.zi/ |
cousis /ku.zi/ |
cousit /ku.zi/ |
cousîmes /ku.zim/ |
cousîtes /ku.zit/ |
cousirent /ku.ziʁ/ | |
| future | coudrai /ku.dʁe/ |
coudras /ku.dʁa/ |
coudra /ku.dʁa/ |
coudrons /ku.dʁɔ̃/ |
coudrez /ku.dʁe/ |
coudront /ku.dʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | coudrais /ku.dʁɛ/ |
coudrais /ku.dʁɛ/ |
coudrait /ku.dʁɛ/ |
coudrions /ku.dʁi.jɔ̃/ |
coudriez /ku.dʁi.je/ |
coudraient /ku.dʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | couse /kuz/ |
couses /kuz/ |
couse /kuz/ |
cousions /ku.zjɔ̃/ |
cousiez /ku.zje/ |
cousent /kuz/ |
| imperfect2 | cousisse /ku.zis/ |
cousisses /ku.zis/ |
cousît /ku.zi/ |
cousissions /ku.zi.sjɔ̃/ |
cousissiez /ku.zi.sje/ |
cousissent /ku.zis/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | couds /ku/ |
— | cousons /ku.zɔ̃/ |
cousez /ku.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- → Esperanto: kudri
Further reading
- “coudre”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
Norman
Etymology
From Old French coudre, from Latin corylus.
Pronunciation
Noun
coudre m (plural coudres)
Old French
Verb
coudre
- alternative form of cosdre
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has a distinct stressed present stem, as well as other irregularities. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of coudre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | coudre | avoir cousu | |||||
| gerund | en cousant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
| present participle | cousant | ||||||
| past participle | cousu | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | keus | keus | keust | cousons | cousez | keusent |
| imperfect | cousoie, couseie | cousoies, couseies | cousoit, couseit | cousiiens, cousiens | cousiiez, cousiez | cousoient, couseient | |
| preterite | cousi | cousis | cousié | cousimes | cousistes | cousierent | |
| future | coudrai | coudras | coudra | coudrons | coudroiz, coudreiz, coudrez | coudront | |
| conditional | coudroie, coudreie | coudroies, coudreies | coudroit, coudreit | coudriiens, coudriens | coudriiez, coudriez | coudroient, coudreient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | keuse | keuses | keuse | cousons | cousez | keusent |
| imperfect | cousisse | cousisses | cousist | cousissons, cousissiens | cousissoiz, cousissez, cousissiez | cousissent | |
| compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | keus | — | cousons | cousez | — | ||
References
- “Appendix E: Irregular Verbs” in E. Einhorn (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 151