cunula
Northern Ndebele
Verb
-cúnula
- to offend
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology
From the ideophone cunu.
Verb
-cunula
- (transitive) to disgust, to nauseate, to sicken
- (transitive) to annoy, to harass, to irk, to pester, to upset, to vex
Inflection
| positive | negative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | ukucunula | ukungacunuli | ||||
| imperative | ||||||
| simple | + object concord | |||||
| singular | cunula | -cunule | ||||
| plural | cunulani | -cunuleni | ||||
| present | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngiyacunula, ngicunula | engicunulayo, engicunula | ngicunula | angicunuli | engingacunuli | ngingacunuli |
| 2nd singular | uyacunula, ucunula | ocunulayo, ocunula | ucunula | awucunuli | ongacunuli | ungacunuli |
| 1st plural | siyacunula, sicunula | esicunulayo, esicunula | sicunula | asicunuli | esingacunuli | singacunuli |
| 2nd plural | niyacunula, nicunula | enicunulayo, enicunula | nicunula | anicunuli | eningacunuli | ningacunuli |
| class 1 | uyacunula, ucunula | ocunulayo, ocunula | ecunula | akacunuli | ongacunuli | engacunuli |
| class 2 | bayacunula, bacunula | abacunulayo, abacunula | becunula | abacunuli | abangacunuli | bengacunuli |
| class 3 | uyacunula, ucunula | ocunulayo, ocunula | ucunula | awucunuli | ongacunuli | ungacunuli |
| class 4 | iyacunula, icunula | ecunulayo, ecunula | icunula | ayicunuli | engacunuli | ingacunuli |
| class 5 | liyacunula, licunula | elicunulayo, elicunula | licunula | alicunuli | elingacunuli | lingacunuli |
| class 6 | ayacunula, acunula | acunulayo, acunula | ecunula | awacunuli | angacunuli | engacunuli |
| class 7 | siyacunula, sicunula | esicunulayo, esicunula | sicunula | asicunuli | esingacunuli | singacunuli |
| class 8 | ziyacunula, zicunula | ezicunulayo, ezicunula | zicunula | azicunuli | ezingacunuli | zingacunuli |
| class 9 | iyacunula, icunula | ecunulayo, ecunula | icunula | ayicunuli | engacunuli | ingacunuli |
| class 10 | ziyacunula, zicunula | ezicunulayo, ezicunula | zicunula | azicunuli | ezingacunuli | zingacunuli |
| class 11 | luyacunula, lucunula | olucunulayo, olucunula | lucunula | alucunuli | olungacunuli | lungacunuli |
| class 14 | buyacunula, bucunula | obucunulayo, obucunula | bucunula | abucunuli | obungacunuli | bungacunuli |
| class 15 | kuyacunula, kucunula | okucunulayo, okucunula | kucunula | akucunuli | okungacunuli | kungacunuli |
| class 17 | kuyacunula, kucunula | okucunulayo, okucunula | kucunula | akucunuli | okungacunuli | kungacunuli |
| recent past | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngicunulile, ngicunulē | engicunulile, engicunulē | ngicunulile, ngicunulē | angicunulanga | engingacunulanga | ngingacunulanga |
| 2nd singular | ucunulile, ucunulē | ocunulile, ocunulē | ucunulile, ucunulē | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| 1st plural | sicunulile, sicunulē | esicunulile, esicunulē | sicunulile, sicunulē | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| 2nd plural | nicunulile, nicunulē | enicunulile, enicunulē | nicunulile, nicunulē | anicunulanga | eningacunulanga | ningacunulanga |
| class 1 | ucunulile, ucunulē | ocunulile, ocunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | akacunulanga | ongacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| class 2 | bacunulile, bacunulē | abacunulile, abacunulē | becunulile, becunulē | abacunulanga | abangacunulanga | bengacunulanga |
| class 3 | ucunulile, ucunulē | ocunulile, ocunulē | ucunulile, ucunulē | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| class 4 | icunulile, icunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | icunulile, icunulē | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| class 5 | licunulile, licunulē | elicunulile, elicunulē | licunulile, licunulē | alicunulanga | elingacunulanga | lingacunulanga |
| class 6 | acunulile, acunulē | acunulile, acunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | awacunulanga | angacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| class 7 | sicunulile, sicunulē | esicunulile, esicunulē | sicunulile, sicunulē | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| class 8 | zicunulile, zicunulē | ezicunulile, ezicunulē | zicunulile, zicunulē | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| class 9 | icunulile, icunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | icunulile, icunulē | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| class 10 | zicunulile, zicunulē | ezicunulile, ezicunulē | zicunulile, zicunulē | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| class 11 | lucunulile, lucunulē | olucunulile, olucunulē | lucunulile, lucunulē | alucunulanga | olungacunulanga | lungacunulanga |
| class 14 | bucunulile, bucunulē | obucunulile, obucunulē | bucunulile, bucunulē | abucunulanga | obungacunulanga | bungacunulanga |
| class 15 | kucunulile, kucunulē | okucunulile, okucunulē | kucunulile, kucunulē | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| class 17 | kucunulile, kucunulē | okucunulile, okucunulē | kucunulile, kucunulē | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| remote past | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngācunula | engācunula | ngācunula | angicunulanga | engingacunulanga | ngingacunulanga |
| 2nd singular | wācunula | owācunula | wācunula | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| 1st plural | sācunula | esācunula | sācunula | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| 2nd plural | nācunula | enācunula | nācunula | anicunulanga | eningacunulanga | ningacunulanga |
| class 1 | wācunula | owācunula | ācunula | akacunulanga | ongacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| class 2 | bācunula | abācunula | bācunula | abacunulanga | abangacunulanga | bengacunulanga |
| class 3 | wācunula | owācunula | wācunula | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| class 4 | yācunula | eyācunula | yācunula | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| class 5 | lācunula | elācunula | lācunula | alicunulanga | elingacunulanga | lingacunulanga |
| class 6 | ācunula | ācunula | ācunula | awacunulanga | angacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| class 7 | sācunula | esācunula | sācunula | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| class 8 | zācunula | ezācunula | zācunula | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| class 9 | yācunula | eyācunula | yācunula | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| class 10 | zācunula | ezācunula | zācunula | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| class 11 | lwācunula | olwācunula | lwācunula | alucunulanga | olungacunulanga | lungacunulanga |
| class 14 | bācunula | obācunula | bācunula | abucunulanga | obungacunulanga | bungacunulanga |
| class 15 | kwācunula | okwācunula | kwācunula | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| class 17 | kwācunula | okwācunula | kwācunula | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| potential | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngingacunula | — | ngingacunula | ngingecunule | — | ngingecunule |
| 2nd singular | ungacunula | — | ungacunula | ungecunule | — | ungecunule |
| 1st plural | singacunula | — | singacunula | singecunule | — | singecunule |
| 2nd plural | ningacunula | — | ningacunula | ningecunule | — | ningecunule |
| class 1 | angacunula | — | engacunula | angecunule | — | engecunule |
| class 2 | bangacunula | — | bengacunula | bangecunule | — | bengecunule |
| class 3 | ungacunula | — | ungacunula | ungecunule | — | ungecunule |
| class 4 | ingacunula | — | ingacunula | ingecunule | — | ingecunule |
| class 5 | lingacunula | — | lingacunula | lingecunule | — | lingecunule |
| class 6 | angacunula | — | engacunula | angecunule | — | engecunule |
| class 7 | singacunula | — | singacunula | singecunule | — | singecunule |
| class 8 | zingacunula | — | zingacunula | zingecunule | — | zingecunule |
| class 9 | ingacunula | — | ingacunula | ingecunule | — | ingecunule |
| class 10 | zingacunula | — | zingacunula | zingecunule | — | zingecunule |
| class 11 | lungacunula | — | lungacunula | lungecunule | — | lungecunule |
| class 14 | bungacunula | — | bungacunula | bungecunule | — | bungecunule |
| class 15 | kungacunula | — | kungacunula | kungecunule | — | kungecunule |
| class 17 | kungacunula | — | kungacunula | kungecunule | — | kungecunule |
| immediate future | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngizocunula | engizocunula | ngizocunula | angizucunula | engingezucunula | ngingezucunula |
| 2nd singular | uzocunula | ozocunula | uzocunula | awuzucunula | ongezucunula | ungezucunula |
| 1st plural | sizocunula | esizocunula | sizocunula | asizucunula | esingezucunula | singezucunula |
| 2nd plural | nizocunula | enizocunula | nizocunula | anizucunula | eningezucunula | ningezucunula |
| class 1 | uzocunula | ozocunula | ezocunula | akazucunula | ongezucunula | engezucunula |
| class 2 | bazocunula | abazocunula | bezocunula | abazucunula | abangezucunula | bengezucunula |
| class 3 | uzocunula | ozocunula | uzocunula | awuzucunula | ongezucunula | ungezucunula |
| class 4 | izocunula | ezocunula | izocunula | ayizucunula | engezucunula | ingezucunula |
| class 5 | lizocunula | elizocunula | lizocunula | alizucunula | elingezucunula | lingezucunula |
| class 6 | azocunula | azocunula | ezocunula | awazucunula | angezucunula | engezucunula |
| class 7 | sizocunula | esizocunula | sizocunula | asizucunula | esingezucunula | singezucunula |
| class 8 | zizocunula | ezizocunula | zizocunula | azizucunula | ezingezucunula | zingezucunula |
| class 9 | izocunula | ezocunula | izocunula | ayizucunula | engezucunula | ingezucunula |
| class 10 | zizocunula | ezizocunula | zizocunula | azizucunula | ezingezucunula | zingezucunula |
| class 11 | luzocunula | oluzocunula | luzocunula | aluzucunula | olungezucunula | lungezucunula |
| class 14 | buzocunula | obuzocunula | buzocunula | abuzucunula | obungezucunula | bungezucunula |
| class 15 | kuzocunula | okuzocunula | kuzocunula | akuzucunula | okungezucunula | kungezucunula |
| class 17 | kuzocunula | okuzocunula | kuzocunula | akuzucunula | okungezucunula | kungezucunula |
| remote future | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngiyocunula | engiyocunula | ngiyocunula | angiyucunula | engingeyucunula | ngingeyucunula |
| 2nd singular | uyocunula | oyocunula | uyocunula | awuyucunula | ongeyucunula | ungeyucunula |
| 1st plural | siyocunula | esiyocunula | siyocunula | asiyucunula | esingeyucunula | singeyucunula |
| 2nd plural | niyocunula | eniyocunula | niyocunula | aniyucunula | eningeyucunula | ningeyucunula |
| class 1 | uyocunula | oyocunula | eyocunula | akayucunula | ongeyucunula | engeyucunula |
| class 2 | bayocunula | abayocunula | beyocunula | abayucunula | abangeyucunula | bengeyucunula |
| class 3 | uyocunula | oyocunula | uyocunula | awuyucunula | ongeyucunula | ungeyucunula |
| class 4 | iyocunula | eyocunula | iyocunula | ayiyucunula | engeyucunula | ingeyucunula |
| class 5 | liyocunula | eliyocunula | liyocunula | aliyucunula | elingeyucunula | lingeyucunula |
| class 6 | ayocunula | ayocunula | eyocunula | awayucunula | angeyucunula | engeyucunula |
| class 7 | siyocunula | esiyocunula | siyocunula | asiyucunula | esingeyucunula | singeyucunula |
| class 8 | ziyocunula | eziyocunula | ziyocunula | aziyucunula | ezingeyucunula | zingeyucunula |
| class 9 | iyocunula | eyocunula | iyocunula | ayiyucunula | engeyucunula | ingeyucunula |
| class 10 | ziyocunula | eziyocunula | ziyocunula | aziyucunula | ezingeyucunula | zingeyucunula |
| class 11 | luyocunula | oluyocunula | luyocunula | aluyucunula | olungeyucunula | lungeyucunula |
| class 14 | buyocunula | obuyocunula | buyocunula | abuyucunula | obungeyucunula | bungeyucunula |
| class 15 | kuyocunula | okuyocunula | kuyocunula | akuyucunula | okungeyucunula | kungeyucunula |
| class 17 | kuyocunula | okuyocunula | kuyocunula | akuyucunula | okungeyucunula | kungeyucunula |
| present subjunctive | ||||||
| positive | negative | |||||
| 1st singular | ngicunule | ngingacunuli | ||||
| 2nd singular | ucunule | ungacunuli | ||||
| 1st plural | sicunule | singacunuli | ||||
| 2nd plural | nicunule | ningacunuli | ||||
| class 1 | acunule | angacunuli | ||||
| class 2 | bacunule | bangacunuli | ||||
| class 3 | ucunule | ungacunuli | ||||
| class 4 | icunule | ingacunuli | ||||
| class 5 | licunule | lingacunuli | ||||
| class 6 | acunule | angacunuli | ||||
| class 7 | sicunule | singacunuli | ||||
| class 8 | zicunule | zingacunuli | ||||
| class 9 | icunule | ingacunuli | ||||
| class 10 | zicunule | zingacunuli | ||||
| class 11 | lucunule | lungacunuli | ||||
| class 14 | bucunule | bungacunuli | ||||
| class 15 | kucunule | kungacunuli | ||||
| class 17 | kucunule | kungacunuli | ||||
| past subjunctive | ||||||
| positive | negative | |||||
| 1st singular | ngacunula | ngangacunula, angacunula, angangacunula | ||||
| 2nd singular | wacunula | wangacunula, awacunula, awangacunula | ||||
| 1st plural | sacunula | sangacunula, asacunula, asangacunula | ||||
| 2nd plural | nacunula | nangacunula, anacunula, anangacunula | ||||
| class 1 | wacunula | wangacunula, akacunula, akangacunula | ||||
| class 2 | bacunula | bangacunula, abacunula, abangacunula | ||||
| class 3 | wacunula | wangacunula, awacunula, awangacunula | ||||
| class 4 | yacunula | yangacunula, ayacunula, ayangacunula | ||||
| class 5 | lacunula | langacunula, alacunula, alangacunula | ||||
| class 6 | acunula | angacunula, awacunula, awangacunula | ||||
| class 7 | sacunula | sangacunula, asacunula, asangacunula | ||||
| class 8 | zacunula | zangacunula, azacunula, azangacunula | ||||
| class 9 | yacunula | yangacunula, ayacunula, ayangacunula | ||||
| class 10 | zacunula | zangacunula, azacunula, azangacunula | ||||
| class 11 | lwacunula | lwangacunula, alwacunula, alwangacunula | ||||
| class 14 | bacunula | bangacunula, abacunula, abangacunula | ||||
| class 15 | kwacunula | kwangacunula, akwacunula, akwangacunula | ||||
| class 17 | kwacunula | kwangacunula, akwacunula, akwangacunula | ||||
Derived terms
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “cunula”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “cunula (3.2.9)”