enchaîner
See also: enchainer
French
Alternative forms
- enchainer (post-1990 spelling)
Etymology
From en- + chaîne + -er. Possibly also corresponds to Vulgar Latin *incatēnāre, from Latin catēnāre. Compare Italian incatenare; Catalan, Occitan, and Catalan encadenar; and Portuguese encadear.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ ~ /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/
Audio: (file)
Verb
enchaîner
- to chain, to shackle
- (figurative) to subjugate, to enslave
- to put together (in a sequence), to concatenate
Conjugation
Conjugation of enchaîner (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | enchaîner | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | enchaînant /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɑ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | enchaîné /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
enchaînes /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
enchaînons /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɔ̃/ |
enchaînez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ |
enchaînent /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
| imperfect | enchaînais /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ |
enchaînais /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ |
enchaînait /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ |
enchaînions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.njɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.njɔ̃/ |
enchaîniez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nje/ |
enchaînaient /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | enchaînai /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ |
enchaînas /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na/ |
enchaîna /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na/ |
enchaînâmes /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nam/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nam/ |
enchaînâtes /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nat/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nat/ |
enchaînèrent /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛʁ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛʁ/ | |
| future | enchaînerai /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁe/ |
enchaîneras /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁa/ |
enchaînera /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁa/ |
enchaînerons /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɔ̃/ |
enchaînerez /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁe/ |
enchaîneront /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | enchaînerais /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ |
enchaînerais /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ |
enchaînerait /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ |
enchaînerions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
enchaîneriez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nə.ʁje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nə.ʁje/ |
enchaîneraient /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
enchaînes /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
enchaînions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.njɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.njɔ̃/ |
enchaîniez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nje/ |
enchaînent /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
| imperfect2 | enchaînasse /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nas/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nas/ |
enchaînasses /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nas/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nas/ |
enchaînât /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na/ |
enchaînassions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na.sjɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na.sjɔ̃/ |
enchaînassiez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na.sje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na.sje/ |
enchaînassent /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nas/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
— | enchaînons /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɔ̃/ |
enchaînez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
Further reading
- “enchaîner”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.