giwian

Old English

The spelling of this entry has been normalized according to the principles established by Wiktionary's editor community or recent spelling standards of the language.

Alternative forms

  • ġiwiġa, ġiuiġa, ġiowiġia, ġiuġe

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *giwēn, cognate with Old High German anagiwēn (“to desire, long for”).

Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *giwō (“boasting; audacity”), related to Old Norse gjó (“enjoyment; sensuality; lust”), Middle High German giude (“loud revelry; boasting”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈji.wi.ɑn/

Verb

ġiwian (Northumbrian)

  1. to ask (for something), request [with fram (+ dative) ‘from someone’]
    (gloss) petō, postulō
    • late 10th c., Owun, Rushworth Gospel gloss, Luke 11:9
      & heono iċ cweðo īow, ġiowiġas & sald bið īow.
      And behold, I say to you, ask and it shall be given to you.
  2. to demand
    (gloss) exigō

Conjugation

Conjugation of ġiwian (weak class 2 Anglian)

🛈 This feature is under development and may not always produce the expected forms

infinitive ġiwian¹ ġiwienne, ġiwianne
indicative mood present tense past tense
first person singular ġiwiu, ġiwiġe ġiwade
second person singular ġiwas³ ġiwades³
third person singular ġiwaþ² ġiwade
plural ġiwiaþ² ġiwadun, ġiwadon
subjunctive present tense past tense
singular ġiwiġe ġiwade
plural ġiwiġen ġiwaden¹¹
imperative
singular ġiwa
plural ġiwiaþ²
participle present past
ġiwiende (ġe)ġiwad

¹In Northumbrian, final -n was regularly lost from these forms
²In Late Northumbrian, final -þ was frequently changed to -s
³In Mercian, final -t was sometimes added to these forms due to West Saxon influence

Alternative forms suggesting former Weak class III conjugation are ġiuġe (inf.), ġivġað (pl. pres. ind.), and ġiude (1st./3rd. pret. ind.). Forms with the stem ġiow- are typically from the Rushworth Gospel gloss, while those with ġiw-/ġiu-/ġiv- are from the Lindisfarne Gospel gloss and Durham Ritual gloss.

Derived terms

  • ġeġiwian
  • ġiwung

References

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