hlangana
Fanagalo
Etymology
From Zulu -hlangana, from Proto-Bantu *-càngana.
Verb
hlangana
- to meet
Northern Ndebele
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-càngana.
Verb
-hlángana
- to meet
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Swazi
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-càngana.
Verb
-hlángana
- to meet
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Xhosa
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-càngana.
Verb
-hlángana
- to meet
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-càngana.
Verb
-hlangana
- (intransitive) to meet, to come together
- (intransitive) to assemble
- (intransitive) to combine
- (intransitive) to unite
- (intransitive) to mix
Inflection
| positive | negative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | ukuhlangana | ukungahlangani | ||||
| imperative | ||||||
| simple | + object concord | |||||
| singular | hlangana | -hlangane | ||||
| plural | hlanganani | -hlanganeni | ||||
| present | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngiyahlangana, ngihlangana | engihlanganayo, engihlangana | ngihlangana | angihlangani | engingahlangani | ngingahlangani |
| 2nd singular | uyahlangana, uhlangana | ohlanganayo, ohlangana | uhlangana | awuhlangani | ongahlangani | ungahlangani |
| 1st plural | siyahlangana, sihlangana | esihlanganayo, esihlangana | sihlangana | asihlangani | esingahlangani | singahlangani |
| 2nd plural | niyahlangana, nihlangana | enihlanganayo, enihlangana | nihlangana | anihlangani | eningahlangani | ningahlangani |
| class 1 | uyahlangana, uhlangana | ohlanganayo, ohlangana | ehlangana | akahlangani | ongahlangani | engahlangani |
| class 2 | bayahlangana, bahlangana | abahlanganayo, abahlangana | behlangana | abahlangani | abangahlangani | bengahlangani |
| class 3 | uyahlangana, uhlangana | ohlanganayo, ohlangana | uhlangana | awuhlangani | ongahlangani | ungahlangani |
| class 4 | iyahlangana, ihlangana | ehlanganayo, ehlangana | ihlangana | ayihlangani | engahlangani | ingahlangani |
| class 5 | liyahlangana, lihlangana | elihlanganayo, elihlangana | lihlangana | alihlangani | elingahlangani | lingahlangani |
| class 6 | ayahlangana, ahlangana | ahlanganayo, ahlangana | ehlangana | awahlangani | angahlangani | engahlangani |
| class 7 | siyahlangana, sihlangana | esihlanganayo, esihlangana | sihlangana | asihlangani | esingahlangani | singahlangani |
| class 8 | ziyahlangana, zihlangana | ezihlanganayo, ezihlangana | zihlangana | azihlangani | ezingahlangani | zingahlangani |
| class 9 | iyahlangana, ihlangana | ehlanganayo, ehlangana | ihlangana | ayihlangani | engahlangani | ingahlangani |
| class 10 | ziyahlangana, zihlangana | ezihlanganayo, ezihlangana | zihlangana | azihlangani | ezingahlangani | zingahlangani |
| class 11 | luyahlangana, luhlangana | oluhlanganayo, oluhlangana | luhlangana | aluhlangani | olungahlangani | lungahlangani |
| class 14 | buyahlangana, buhlangana | obuhlanganayo, obuhlangana | buhlangana | abuhlangani | obungahlangani | bungahlangani |
| class 15 | kuyahlangana, kuhlangana | okuhlanganayo, okuhlangana | kuhlangana | akuhlangani | okungahlangani | kungahlangani |
| class 17 | kuyahlangana, kuhlangana | okuhlanganayo, okuhlangana | kuhlangana | akuhlangani | okungahlangani | kungahlangani |
| recent past | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngihlanganile, ngihlanganē | engihlanganile, engihlanganē | ngihlanganile, ngihlanganē | angihlangananga | engingahlangananga | ngingahlangananga |
| 2nd singular | uhlanganile, uhlanganē | ohlanganile, ohlanganē | uhlanganile, uhlanganē | awuhlangananga | ongahlangananga | ungahlangananga |
| 1st plural | sihlanganile, sihlanganē | esihlanganile, esihlanganē | sihlanganile, sihlanganē | asihlangananga | esingahlangananga | singahlangananga |
| 2nd plural | nihlanganile, nihlanganē | enihlanganile, enihlanganē | nihlanganile, nihlanganē | anihlangananga | eningahlangananga | ningahlangananga |
| class 1 | uhlanganile, uhlanganē | ohlanganile, ohlanganē | ehlanganile, ehlanganē | akahlangananga | ongahlangananga | engahlangananga |
| class 2 | bahlanganile, bahlanganē | abahlanganile, abahlanganē | behlanganile, behlanganē | abahlangananga | abangahlangananga | bengahlangananga |
| class 3 | uhlanganile, uhlanganē | ohlanganile, ohlanganē | uhlanganile, uhlanganē | awuhlangananga | ongahlangananga | ungahlangananga |
| class 4 | ihlanganile, ihlanganē | ehlanganile, ehlanganē | ihlanganile, ihlanganē | ayihlangananga | engahlangananga | ingahlangananga |
| class 5 | lihlanganile, lihlanganē | elihlanganile, elihlanganē | lihlanganile, lihlanganē | alihlangananga | elingahlangananga | lingahlangananga |
| class 6 | ahlanganile, ahlanganē | ahlanganile, ahlanganē | ehlanganile, ehlanganē | awahlangananga | angahlangananga | engahlangananga |
| class 7 | sihlanganile, sihlanganē | esihlanganile, esihlanganē | sihlanganile, sihlanganē | asihlangananga | esingahlangananga | singahlangananga |
| class 8 | zihlanganile, zihlanganē | ezihlanganile, ezihlanganē | zihlanganile, zihlanganē | azihlangananga | ezingahlangananga | zingahlangananga |
| class 9 | ihlanganile, ihlanganē | ehlanganile, ehlanganē | ihlanganile, ihlanganē | ayihlangananga | engahlangananga | ingahlangananga |
| class 10 | zihlanganile, zihlanganē | ezihlanganile, ezihlanganē | zihlanganile, zihlanganē | azihlangananga | ezingahlangananga | zingahlangananga |
| class 11 | luhlanganile, luhlanganē | oluhlanganile, oluhlanganē | luhlanganile, luhlanganē | aluhlangananga | olungahlangananga | lungahlangananga |
| class 14 | buhlanganile, buhlanganē | obuhlanganile, obuhlanganē | buhlanganile, buhlanganē | abuhlangananga | obungahlangananga | bungahlangananga |
| class 15 | kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē | okuhlanganile, okuhlanganē | kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē | akuhlangananga | okungahlangananga | kungahlangananga |
| class 17 | kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē | okuhlanganile, okuhlanganē | kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē | akuhlangananga | okungahlangananga | kungahlangananga |
| remote past | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngāhlangana | engāhlangana | ngāhlangana | angihlangananga | engingahlangananga | ngingahlangananga |
| 2nd singular | wāhlangana | owāhlangana | wāhlangana | awuhlangananga | ongahlangananga | ungahlangananga |
| 1st plural | sāhlangana | esāhlangana | sāhlangana | asihlangananga | esingahlangananga | singahlangananga |
| 2nd plural | nāhlangana | enāhlangana | nāhlangana | anihlangananga | eningahlangananga | ningahlangananga |
| class 1 | wāhlangana | owāhlangana | āhlangana | akahlangananga | ongahlangananga | engahlangananga |
| class 2 | bāhlangana | abāhlangana | bāhlangana | abahlangananga | abangahlangananga | bengahlangananga |
| class 3 | wāhlangana | owāhlangana | wāhlangana | awuhlangananga | ongahlangananga | ungahlangananga |
| class 4 | yāhlangana | eyāhlangana | yāhlangana | ayihlangananga | engahlangananga | ingahlangananga |
| class 5 | lāhlangana | elāhlangana | lāhlangana | alihlangananga | elingahlangananga | lingahlangananga |
| class 6 | āhlangana | āhlangana | āhlangana | awahlangananga | angahlangananga | engahlangananga |
| class 7 | sāhlangana | esāhlangana | sāhlangana | asihlangananga | esingahlangananga | singahlangananga |
| class 8 | zāhlangana | ezāhlangana | zāhlangana | azihlangananga | ezingahlangananga | zingahlangananga |
| class 9 | yāhlangana | eyāhlangana | yāhlangana | ayihlangananga | engahlangananga | ingahlangananga |
| class 10 | zāhlangana | ezāhlangana | zāhlangana | azihlangananga | ezingahlangananga | zingahlangananga |
| class 11 | lwāhlangana | olwāhlangana | lwāhlangana | aluhlangananga | olungahlangananga | lungahlangananga |
| class 14 | bāhlangana | obāhlangana | bāhlangana | abuhlangananga | obungahlangananga | bungahlangananga |
| class 15 | kwāhlangana | okwāhlangana | kwāhlangana | akuhlangananga | okungahlangananga | kungahlangananga |
| class 17 | kwāhlangana | okwāhlangana | kwāhlangana | akuhlangananga | okungahlangananga | kungahlangananga |
| potential | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngingahlangana | — | ngingahlangana | ngingehlangane | — | ngingehlangane |
| 2nd singular | ungahlangana | — | ungahlangana | ungehlangane | — | ungehlangane |
| 1st plural | singahlangana | — | singahlangana | singehlangane | — | singehlangane |
| 2nd plural | ningahlangana | — | ningahlangana | ningehlangane | — | ningehlangane |
| class 1 | angahlangana | — | engahlangana | angehlangane | — | engehlangane |
| class 2 | bangahlangana | — | bengahlangana | bangehlangane | — | bengehlangane |
| class 3 | ungahlangana | — | ungahlangana | ungehlangane | — | ungehlangane |
| class 4 | ingahlangana | — | ingahlangana | ingehlangane | — | ingehlangane |
| class 5 | lingahlangana | — | lingahlangana | lingehlangane | — | lingehlangane |
| class 6 | angahlangana | — | engahlangana | angehlangane | — | engehlangane |
| class 7 | singahlangana | — | singahlangana | singehlangane | — | singehlangane |
| class 8 | zingahlangana | — | zingahlangana | zingehlangane | — | zingehlangane |
| class 9 | ingahlangana | — | ingahlangana | ingehlangane | — | ingehlangane |
| class 10 | zingahlangana | — | zingahlangana | zingehlangane | — | zingehlangane |
| class 11 | lungahlangana | — | lungahlangana | lungehlangane | — | lungehlangane |
| class 14 | bungahlangana | — | bungahlangana | bungehlangane | — | bungehlangane |
| class 15 | kungahlangana | — | kungahlangana | kungehlangane | — | kungehlangane |
| class 17 | kungahlangana | — | kungahlangana | kungehlangane | — | kungehlangane |
| immediate future | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngizohlangana | engizohlangana | ngizohlangana | angizuhlangana | engingezuhlangana | ngingezuhlangana |
| 2nd singular | uzohlangana | ozohlangana | uzohlangana | awuzuhlangana | ongezuhlangana | ungezuhlangana |
| 1st plural | sizohlangana | esizohlangana | sizohlangana | asizuhlangana | esingezuhlangana | singezuhlangana |
| 2nd plural | nizohlangana | enizohlangana | nizohlangana | anizuhlangana | eningezuhlangana | ningezuhlangana |
| class 1 | uzohlangana | ozohlangana | ezohlangana | akazuhlangana | ongezuhlangana | engezuhlangana |
| class 2 | bazohlangana | abazohlangana | bezohlangana | abazuhlangana | abangezuhlangana | bengezuhlangana |
| class 3 | uzohlangana | ozohlangana | uzohlangana | awuzuhlangana | ongezuhlangana | ungezuhlangana |
| class 4 | izohlangana | ezohlangana | izohlangana | ayizuhlangana | engezuhlangana | ingezuhlangana |
| class 5 | lizohlangana | elizohlangana | lizohlangana | alizuhlangana | elingezuhlangana | lingezuhlangana |
| class 6 | azohlangana | azohlangana | ezohlangana | awazuhlangana | angezuhlangana | engezuhlangana |
| class 7 | sizohlangana | esizohlangana | sizohlangana | asizuhlangana | esingezuhlangana | singezuhlangana |
| class 8 | zizohlangana | ezizohlangana | zizohlangana | azizuhlangana | ezingezuhlangana | zingezuhlangana |
| class 9 | izohlangana | ezohlangana | izohlangana | ayizuhlangana | engezuhlangana | ingezuhlangana |
| class 10 | zizohlangana | ezizohlangana | zizohlangana | azizuhlangana | ezingezuhlangana | zingezuhlangana |
| class 11 | luzohlangana | oluzohlangana | luzohlangana | aluzuhlangana | olungezuhlangana | lungezuhlangana |
| class 14 | buzohlangana | obuzohlangana | buzohlangana | abuzuhlangana | obungezuhlangana | bungezuhlangana |
| class 15 | kuzohlangana | okuzohlangana | kuzohlangana | akuzuhlangana | okungezuhlangana | kungezuhlangana |
| class 17 | kuzohlangana | okuzohlangana | kuzohlangana | akuzuhlangana | okungezuhlangana | kungezuhlangana |
| remote future | ||||||
| positive absolute | positive relative | positive participial | negative absolute | negative relative | negative participial | |
| 1st singular | ngiyohlangana | engiyohlangana | ngiyohlangana | angiyuhlangana | engingeyuhlangana | ngingeyuhlangana |
| 2nd singular | uyohlangana | oyohlangana | uyohlangana | awuyuhlangana | ongeyuhlangana | ungeyuhlangana |
| 1st plural | siyohlangana | esiyohlangana | siyohlangana | asiyuhlangana | esingeyuhlangana | singeyuhlangana |
| 2nd plural | niyohlangana | eniyohlangana | niyohlangana | aniyuhlangana | eningeyuhlangana | ningeyuhlangana |
| class 1 | uyohlangana | oyohlangana | eyohlangana | akayuhlangana | ongeyuhlangana | engeyuhlangana |
| class 2 | bayohlangana | abayohlangana | beyohlangana | abayuhlangana | abangeyuhlangana | bengeyuhlangana |
| class 3 | uyohlangana | oyohlangana | uyohlangana | awuyuhlangana | ongeyuhlangana | ungeyuhlangana |
| class 4 | iyohlangana | eyohlangana | iyohlangana | ayiyuhlangana | engeyuhlangana | ingeyuhlangana |
| class 5 | liyohlangana | eliyohlangana | liyohlangana | aliyuhlangana | elingeyuhlangana | lingeyuhlangana |
| class 6 | ayohlangana | ayohlangana | eyohlangana | awayuhlangana | angeyuhlangana | engeyuhlangana |
| class 7 | siyohlangana | esiyohlangana | siyohlangana | asiyuhlangana | esingeyuhlangana | singeyuhlangana |
| class 8 | ziyohlangana | eziyohlangana | ziyohlangana | aziyuhlangana | ezingeyuhlangana | zingeyuhlangana |
| class 9 | iyohlangana | eyohlangana | iyohlangana | ayiyuhlangana | engeyuhlangana | ingeyuhlangana |
| class 10 | ziyohlangana | eziyohlangana | ziyohlangana | aziyuhlangana | ezingeyuhlangana | zingeyuhlangana |
| class 11 | luyohlangana | oluyohlangana | luyohlangana | aluyuhlangana | olungeyuhlangana | lungeyuhlangana |
| class 14 | buyohlangana | obuyohlangana | buyohlangana | abuyuhlangana | obungeyuhlangana | bungeyuhlangana |
| class 15 | kuyohlangana | okuyohlangana | kuyohlangana | akuyuhlangana | okungeyuhlangana | kungeyuhlangana |
| class 17 | kuyohlangana | okuyohlangana | kuyohlangana | akuyuhlangana | okungeyuhlangana | kungeyuhlangana |
| present subjunctive | ||||||
| positive | negative | |||||
| 1st singular | ngihlangane | ngingahlangani | ||||
| 2nd singular | uhlangane | ungahlangani | ||||
| 1st plural | sihlangane | singahlangani | ||||
| 2nd plural | nihlangane | ningahlangani | ||||
| class 1 | ahlangane | angahlangani | ||||
| class 2 | bahlangane | bangahlangani | ||||
| class 3 | uhlangane | ungahlangani | ||||
| class 4 | ihlangane | ingahlangani | ||||
| class 5 | lihlangane | lingahlangani | ||||
| class 6 | ahlangane | angahlangani | ||||
| class 7 | sihlangane | singahlangani | ||||
| class 8 | zihlangane | zingahlangani | ||||
| class 9 | ihlangane | ingahlangani | ||||
| class 10 | zihlangane | zingahlangani | ||||
| class 11 | luhlangane | lungahlangani | ||||
| class 14 | buhlangane | bungahlangani | ||||
| class 15 | kuhlangane | kungahlangani | ||||
| class 17 | kuhlangane | kungahlangani | ||||
| past subjunctive | ||||||
| positive | negative | |||||
| 1st singular | ngahlangana | ngangahlangana, angahlangana, angangahlangana | ||||
| 2nd singular | wahlangana | wangahlangana, awahlangana, awangahlangana | ||||
| 1st plural | sahlangana | sangahlangana, asahlangana, asangahlangana | ||||
| 2nd plural | nahlangana | nangahlangana, anahlangana, anangahlangana | ||||
| class 1 | wahlangana | wangahlangana, akahlangana, akangahlangana | ||||
| class 2 | bahlangana | bangahlangana, abahlangana, abangahlangana | ||||
| class 3 | wahlangana | wangahlangana, awahlangana, awangahlangana | ||||
| class 4 | yahlangana | yangahlangana, ayahlangana, ayangahlangana | ||||
| class 5 | lahlangana | langahlangana, alahlangana, alangahlangana | ||||
| class 6 | ahlangana | angahlangana, awahlangana, awangahlangana | ||||
| class 7 | sahlangana | sangahlangana, asahlangana, asangahlangana | ||||
| class 8 | zahlangana | zangahlangana, azahlangana, azangahlangana | ||||
| class 9 | yahlangana | yangahlangana, ayahlangana, ayangahlangana | ||||
| class 10 | zahlangana | zangahlangana, azahlangana, azangahlangana | ||||
| class 11 | lwahlangana | lwangahlangana, alwahlangana, alwangahlangana | ||||
| class 14 | bahlangana | bangahlangana, abahlangana, abangahlangana | ||||
| class 15 | kwahlangana | kwangahlangana, akwahlangana, akwangahlangana | ||||
| class 17 | kwahlangana | kwangahlangana, akwahlangana, akwangahlangana | ||||
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “hlangana”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “hlangana (3.2.9)”