houer
See also: Houer
Finnish
Alternative forms
- houtere
Etymology
Uncertain. Possib;y related to haura, hauru.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈhou̯.er/, [ˈho̞u̯.e̞r]
- Rhymes: -ouer
- Syllabification(key): hou‧er
- Hyphenation(key): hou‧er
Noun
houer
- (dialectal, Southeast Finnish) synonym of ruskolevä (“brown alga”)
Declension
| Inflection of houer (Kotus type 49*/askel, t-∅ gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | houer houtere |
houteret houtereet | |
| genitive | houteren houtereen |
houterien houerten houtereiden houtereitten | |
| partitive | houerta houteretta |
houteria houtereita | |
| illative | houtereen houtereeseen |
houteriin houtereisiin houtereihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | houer houtere |
houteret houtereet | |
| accusative | nom. | houer houtere |
houteret houtereet |
| gen. | houteren houtereen | ||
| genitive | houteren houtereen |
houterien houerten houtereiden houtereitten | |
| partitive | houerta houteretta |
houteria houtereita | |
| inessive | houteressa houtereessa |
houterissa houtereissa | |
| elative | houteresta houtereesta |
houterista houtereista | |
| illative | houtereen houtereeseen |
houteriin houtereisiin houtereihin | |
| adessive | houterella houtereella |
houterilla houtereilla | |
| ablative | houterelta houtereelta |
houterilta houtereilta | |
| allative | houterelle houtereelle |
houterille houtereille | |
| essive | houterena houtereena |
houterina houtereina | |
| translative | houtereksi houtereeksi |
houteriksi houtereiksi | |
| abessive | houteretta houtereetta |
houteritta houtereitta | |
| instructive | — | houterin houterein | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of houer (Kotus type 49*/askel, t-∅ gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
- Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)[1] (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
- “houer”, in Suomen murteiden sanakirja [Dictionary of Finnish Dialects][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, incomplete, continuously updated), Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2022, →ISSN.
French
Etymology
From Middle French houer, from Old French hoer. Synchronically houe + -er.
Pronunciation
- (aspirated h) IPA(key): /u.e/
Audio: (file)
Verb
houer
- to hoe
Conjugation
Conjugation of houer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | houer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | houant /u.ɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | houé /u.e/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | houe /u/ |
houes /u/ |
houe /u/ |
houons /u.ɔ̃/ |
houez /u.e/ |
houent /u/ |
| imperfect | houais /u.ɛ/ |
houais /u.ɛ/ |
houait /u.ɛ/ |
houions /u.jɔ̃/ |
houiez /u.je/ |
houaient /u.ɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | houai /u.e/ |
houas /u.a/ |
houa /u.a/ |
houâmes /u.am/ |
houâtes /u.at/ |
houèrent /u.ɛʁ/ | |
| future | houerai /u.ə.ʁe/ |
houeras /u.ə.ʁa/ |
houera /u.ə.ʁa/ |
houerons /u.ə.ʁɔ̃/ |
houerez /u.ə.ʁe/ |
houeront /u.ə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | houerais /u.ə.ʁɛ/ |
houerais /u.ə.ʁɛ/ |
houerait /u.ə.ʁɛ/ |
houerions /u.ə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
houeriez /u.ə.ʁje/ |
houeraient /u.ə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | houe /u/ |
houes /u/ |
houe /u/ |
houions /u.jɔ̃/ |
houiez /u.je/ |
houent /u/ |
| imperfect2 | houasse /u.as/ |
houasses /u.as/ |
houât /u.a/ |
houassions /u.a.sjɔ̃/ |
houassiez /u.a.sje/ |
houassent /u.as/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | houe /u/ |
— | houons /u.ɔ̃/ |
houez /u.e/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “houer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French hoer. Synchronically houe + -er.
Verb
houer
- to hoe
Conjugation
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of houer
| infinitive | simple | houer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | houant | |||||
| compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | houé | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | houe | houes | houe | houons | houez | houent |
| imperfect | houois, houoys | houois, houoys | houoit, houoyt | houions, houyons | houiez, houyez | houoient, houoyent | |
| past historic | houa | houas | houa | houasmes | houastes | houerent | |
| future | houerai, houeray | houeras | houera | houerons | houerez | houeront | |
| conditional | houerois, houeroys | houerois, houeroys | houeroit, houeroyt | houerions, houeryons | houeriez, houeryez | houeroient, houeroyent | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | houe | houes | houe | houons | houez | houent |
| imperfect | houasse | houasses | houast | houassions | houassiez | houassent | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | houe | — | houons | houez | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
| 2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). | |||||||
Descendants
- French: houer
References
- houer on Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500) (in French)