invideo

From in- (“after”) +‎ videō (“see, observe; understand”). The meaning developed from “look back at” to “look askance at” to “envy”.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ɪnˈwɪ.de.oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [iɱˈviː.d̪e.o]

invideō (present infinitive invidēre, perfect active invīdī, supine invīsum); second conjugation

1. (ambitransitive) to look askance or maliciously at, cast an evil eye upon
2. (figuratively) to be prejudiced against someone or influenced by prejudice
   1. (by extension) to be unwilling or loath; begrudge; refuse, deny; hinder, prevent
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.232–234:

        “Sī nūlla accendit tantārum glōria rērum,
        nec super ipse suā mōlītur laude labōrem,
        Ascaniōne pater Rōmānās invidet arcēs?”

        “If no renown of such storied deeds enkindles [Aeneas], nor — above all — for his own fame is he himself making an effort, will he, the father, begrudge Ascanius the fortresses of Rome?”
        (Jupiter criticizes Aeneas for a dereliction of pietas.)

      • 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.154–157:

        hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati,
        o multum miseri meus illiusque parentes,
        ut, quos certus amor, quos hora novissima iunxit,
        conponi tumulo non invideatis eodem

        Wretched parents of Pyramus and Thisbe, listen to us,
        Listen to both our prayers, do not begrudge us,
        Whom death has joined, Iying at last together
        In the same tomb.

   2. (by extension) to envy; emulate, aspire to rival

      Synonym: aemulor

      • 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.657–659:

        barbarus invidit tantique ut muneris auctor
        ipse sit, hospitio recipit somnoque gravatum
        adgreditur ferro

        The barbarian envies him; and that he himself may be deemed the author of so great a benefit,
        he receives him with hospitality, and, when overpowered with sleep,
        he attacks him with the sword.

      • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.28.22:

        Vir, quī festīnat dītārī, et aliīs invidet, ignōrat quod egestās superveniet eī.

        • 1752 translation by Douay-Rheims, Challoner rev.

          A man, that maketh haste to be rich, and envieth others, is ignorant that poverty shall come upon him.

Used in the following constructions: (1) can use the accusative with things or the dative with persons; and (2) can use the dative with the person or thing that causes envy; or the dative and/or ablative.

• invidēns
• invidentia
• invidus
• subinvideō

• “invideo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press