Chichewa
Etymology
A fossilized reciprocal form, from Proto-Bantu *-jɪ́ta (“to call”).
Pronunciation
Verb
-itana (infinitive kuítana)
- to call
- to invite
Swahili
Verb
-itana (infinitive kuitana)
- Reciprocal form of -ita
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -itana
|
| Positive present
|
-naitana
|
| Subjunctive
|
-itane
|
| Negative
|
-itani
|
| Imperative singular
|
itana
|
|
| Infinitives
|
| Positive
|
kuitana
|
| Negative
|
kutoitana
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
itana
|
| Plural
|
itaneni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
huitana
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -liitana
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuitana
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -naitana)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninaitana/naitana
|
tunaitana
|
| 2nd person
|
unaitana
|
mnaitana
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anaitana
|
wanaitana
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -naitana
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -itani)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
siitani
|
hatuitani
|
| 2nd person
|
huitani
|
hamwitani
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
haitani
|
hawaitani
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -itani
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -taitana
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -taitana
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -itane)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
niitane
|
tuitane
|
| 2nd person
|
uitane
|
mwitane
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
aitane
|
waitane
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -itane
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -siitane
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngeitana
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singeitana
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngaliitana
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singaliitana
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aitana)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
naitana
|
twaitana
|
| 2nd person
|
waitana
|
mwaitana
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
aitana
|
waitana
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
waitana
|
yaitana
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
laitana
|
yaitana
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chaitana
|
vyaitana
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yaitana
|
zaitana
|
| u(XI)
|
waitana
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwaitana
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
paitana
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwaitana
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -meitana
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshaitana
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jaitana
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kiitana
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipoitana
|
| Consecutive
|
kaitana / positive subject concord + -kaitana
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kaitane
|
| Object concord
|
—
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + -itana- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-itanaye
|
-itanao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-itanao
|
-itanayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-itanalo
|
-itanayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-itanacho
|
-itanavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-itanayo
|
-itanazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-itanao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-itanako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-itanapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-itanamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + -itana)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yeitana
|
-oitana
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-oitana
|
-yoitana
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-loitana
|
-yoitana
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-choitana
|
-vyoitana
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yoitana
|
-zoitana
|
| u(XI)
|
-oitana
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-koitana
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-poitana
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-moitana
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
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