Navajo
Etymology
na- (atelic, circuital) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, thematic) + -kǫ́ǫ́ʼ (continuative imperfective stem of root -KǪ́Ǫ́’, “to swim”).
Verb
naʼałkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
- he/she goes swimming, is swimming about
- (in the perfective) he/she swam to a location and swam back
Conjugation
Paradigm: Continuative (∅/si).
| imperfective
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
naʼashkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
naʼiilkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼiilkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| 2nd person
|
naʼíłkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
naʼołkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼołkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| 3rd person
|
naʼałkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼałkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| 4th person
|
nʼjiłkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼjiłkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| perfective
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
niʼséłkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
niʼsiilkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼsiilkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| 2nd person
|
niʼsíníłkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
niʼsoołkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼsoołkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| 3rd person
|
naʼaskǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼaskǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| 4th person
|
nʼjiskǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
ndaʼjiskǫ́ǫ́ʼ
|
| future
|
singular
|
duoplural
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
nʼdeeshkǫǫł
|
nʼdiilkǫǫł
|
ndaʼdiilkǫǫł
|
| 2nd person
|
nʼdííłkǫǫł
|
nʼdoołkǫǫł
|
ndaʼdoołkǫǫł
|
| 3rd person
|
nʼdoołkǫǫł
|
ndaʼdoołkǫǫł
|
| 4th person
|
nizhʼdoołkǫǫł
|
ndazhʼdoołkǫǫł
|
Verbal stems
- IMPERFECTIVE: -kǫ́ǫ́ʼ
- PERFECTIVE: -kǫ́ǫ́ʼ
- FUTURE: -kǫǫł
- ITERATIVE: -kǫ́ǫ́h
- OPTATIVE: -kǫ́ǫ́ʼ