ngcola

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

Verb

-ngcola

  1. (intransitive) to be dirty

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Phuthi

Etymology 1

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

Verb

-ńgcola

  1. to become dirty
Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

Verb

-ńgcóla

  1. to wash hands
Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Xhosa

Etymology

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

Verb

-ngcola

  1. (intransitive) to be dirty

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

References

  • Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444

Zulu

Etymology

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

Pronunciation

IPA(key): /ᵑǀʱoːla/

Verb

-ngcola

  1. (intransitive) to be dirty
  2. (intransitive) to become contaminated, to become polluted
  3. (intransitive) to become corrupted, to become immoral

Inflection

tone L (infinitive ukungcola)
positive negative
infinitive ukungcola ukungangcoli
imperative
simple + object concord
singular ngcola -ngcole
plural ngcolani -ngcoleni
present
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyangcola, ngingcola engingcolayo, engingcola ngingcola angingcoli engingangcoli ngingangcoli
2nd singular uyangcola, ungcola ongcolayo, ongcola ungcola awungcoli ongangcoli ungangcoli
1st plural siyangcola, singcola esingcolayo, esingcola singcola asingcoli esingangcoli singangcoli
2nd plural niyangcola, ningcola eningcolayo, eningcola ningcola aningcoli eningangcoli ningangcoli
class 1 uyangcola, ungcola ongcolayo, ongcola engcola akangcoli ongangcoli engangcoli
class 2 bayangcola, bangcola abangcolayo, abangcola bengcola abangcoli abangangcoli bengangcoli
class 3 uyangcola, ungcola ongcolayo, ongcola ungcola awungcoli ongangcoli ungangcoli
class 4 iyangcola, ingcola engcolayo, engcola ingcola ayingcoli engangcoli ingangcoli
class 5 liyangcola, lingcola elingcolayo, elingcola lingcola alingcoli elingangcoli lingangcoli
class 6 ayangcola, angcola angcolayo, angcola engcola awangcoli angangcoli engangcoli
class 7 siyangcola, singcola esingcolayo, esingcola singcola asingcoli esingangcoli singangcoli
class 8 ziyangcola, zingcola ezingcolayo, ezingcola zingcola azingcoli ezingangcoli zingangcoli
class 9 iyangcola, ingcola engcolayo, engcola ingcola ayingcoli engangcoli ingangcoli
class 10 ziyangcola, zingcola ezingcolayo, ezingcola zingcola azingcoli ezingangcoli zingangcoli
class 11 luyangcola, lungcola olungcolayo, olungcola lungcola alungcoli olungangcoli lungangcoli
class 14 buyangcola, bungcola obungcolayo, obungcola bungcola abungcoli obungangcoli bungangcoli
class 15 kuyangcola, kungcola okungcolayo, okungcola kungcola akungcoli okungangcoli kungangcoli
class 17 kuyangcola, kungcola okungcolayo, okungcola kungcola akungcoli okungangcoli kungangcoli
recent past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngingcolile, ngingcolē engingcolile, engingcolē ngingcolile, ngingcolē angingcolanga engingangcolanga ngingangcolanga
2nd singular ungcolile, ungcolē ongcolile, ongcolē ungcolile, ungcolē awungcolanga ongangcolanga ungangcolanga
1st plural singcolile, singcolē esingcolile, esingcolē singcolile, singcolē asingcolanga esingangcolanga singangcolanga
2nd plural ningcolile, ningcolē eningcolile, eningcolē ningcolile, ningcolē aningcolanga eningangcolanga ningangcolanga
class 1 ungcolile, ungcolē ongcolile, ongcolē engcolile, engcolē akangcolanga ongangcolanga engangcolanga
class 2 bangcolile, bangcolē abangcolile, abangcolē bengcolile, bengcolē abangcolanga abangangcolanga bengangcolanga
class 3 ungcolile, ungcolē ongcolile, ongcolē ungcolile, ungcolē awungcolanga ongangcolanga ungangcolanga
class 4 ingcolile, ingcolē engcolile, engcolē ingcolile, ingcolē ayingcolanga engangcolanga ingangcolanga
class 5 lingcolile, lingcolē elingcolile, elingcolē lingcolile, lingcolē alingcolanga elingangcolanga lingangcolanga
class 6 angcolile, angcolē angcolile, angcolē engcolile, engcolē awangcolanga angangcolanga engangcolanga
class 7 singcolile, singcolē esingcolile, esingcolē singcolile, singcolē asingcolanga esingangcolanga singangcolanga
class 8 zingcolile, zingcolē ezingcolile, ezingcolē zingcolile, zingcolē azingcolanga ezingangcolanga zingangcolanga
class 9 ingcolile, ingcolē engcolile, engcolē ingcolile, ingcolē ayingcolanga engangcolanga ingangcolanga
class 10 zingcolile, zingcolē ezingcolile, ezingcolē zingcolile, zingcolē azingcolanga ezingangcolanga zingangcolanga
class 11 lungcolile, lungcolē olungcolile, olungcolē lungcolile, lungcolē alungcolanga olungangcolanga lungangcolanga
class 14 bungcolile, bungcolē obungcolile, obungcolē bungcolile, bungcolē abungcolanga obungangcolanga bungangcolanga
class 15 kungcolile, kungcolē okungcolile, okungcolē kungcolile, kungcolē akungcolanga okungangcolanga kungangcolanga
class 17 kungcolile, kungcolē okungcolile, okungcolē kungcolile, kungcolē akungcolanga okungangcolanga kungangcolanga
remote past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngāngcola engāngcola ngāngcola angingcolanga engingangcolanga ngingangcolanga
2nd singular wāngcola owāngcola wāngcola awungcolanga ongangcolanga ungangcolanga
1st plural sāngcola esāngcola sāngcola asingcolanga esingangcolanga singangcolanga
2nd plural nāngcola enāngcola nāngcola aningcolanga eningangcolanga ningangcolanga
class 1 wāngcola owāngcola āngcola akangcolanga ongangcolanga engangcolanga
class 2 bāngcola abāngcola bāngcola abangcolanga abangangcolanga bengangcolanga
class 3 wāngcola owāngcola wāngcola awungcolanga ongangcolanga ungangcolanga
class 4 yāngcola eyāngcola yāngcola ayingcolanga engangcolanga ingangcolanga
class 5 lāngcola elāngcola lāngcola alingcolanga elingangcolanga lingangcolanga
class 6 āngcola āngcola āngcola awangcolanga angangcolanga engangcolanga
class 7 sāngcola esāngcola sāngcola asingcolanga esingangcolanga singangcolanga
class 8 zāngcola ezāngcola zāngcola azingcolanga ezingangcolanga zingangcolanga
class 9 yāngcola eyāngcola yāngcola ayingcolanga engangcolanga ingangcolanga
class 10 zāngcola ezāngcola zāngcola azingcolanga ezingangcolanga zingangcolanga
class 11 lwāngcola olwāngcola lwāngcola alungcolanga olungangcolanga lungangcolanga
class 14 bāngcola obāngcola bāngcola abungcolanga obungangcolanga bungangcolanga
class 15 kwāngcola okwāngcola kwāngcola akungcolanga okungangcolanga kungangcolanga
class 17 kwāngcola okwāngcola kwāngcola akungcolanga okungangcolanga kungangcolanga
potential
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngingangcola — ngingangcola ngingengcole — ngingengcole
2nd singular ungangcola — ungangcola ungengcole — ungengcole
1st plural singangcola — singangcola singengcole — singengcole
2nd plural ningangcola — ningangcola ningengcole — ningengcole
class 1 angangcola — engangcola angengcole — engengcole
class 2 bangangcola — bengangcola bangengcole — bengengcole
class 3 ungangcola — ungangcola ungengcole — ungengcole
class 4 ingangcola — ingangcola ingengcole — ingengcole
class 5 lingangcola — lingangcola lingengcole — lingengcole
class 6 angangcola — engangcola angengcole — engengcole
class 7 singangcola — singangcola singengcole — singengcole
class 8 zingangcola — zingangcola zingengcole — zingengcole
class 9 ingangcola — ingangcola ingengcole — ingengcole
class 10 zingangcola — zingangcola zingengcole — zingengcole
class 11 lungangcola — lungangcola lungengcole — lungengcole
class 14 bungangcola — bungangcola bungengcole — bungengcole
class 15 kungangcola — kungangcola kungengcole — kungengcole
class 17 kungangcola — kungangcola kungengcole — kungengcole
immediate future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngizongcola engizongcola ngizongcola angizungcola engingezungcola ngingezungcola
2nd singular uzongcola ozongcola uzongcola awuzungcola ongezungcola ungezungcola
1st plural sizongcola esizongcola sizongcola asizungcola esingezungcola singezungcola
2nd plural nizongcola enizongcola nizongcola anizungcola eningezungcola ningezungcola
class 1 uzongcola ozongcola ezongcola akazungcola ongezungcola engezungcola
class 2 bazongcola abazongcola bezongcola abazungcola abangezungcola bengezungcola
class 3 uzongcola ozongcola uzongcola awuzungcola ongezungcola ungezungcola
class 4 izongcola ezongcola izongcola ayizungcola engezungcola ingezungcola
class 5 lizongcola elizongcola lizongcola alizungcola elingezungcola lingezungcola
class 6 azongcola azongcola ezongcola awazungcola angezungcola engezungcola
class 7 sizongcola esizongcola sizongcola asizungcola esingezungcola singezungcola
class 8 zizongcola ezizongcola zizongcola azizungcola ezingezungcola zingezungcola
class 9 izongcola ezongcola izongcola ayizungcola engezungcola ingezungcola
class 10 zizongcola ezizongcola zizongcola azizungcola ezingezungcola zingezungcola
class 11 luzongcola oluzongcola luzongcola aluzungcola olungezungcola lungezungcola
class 14 buzongcola obuzongcola buzongcola abuzungcola obungezungcola bungezungcola
class 15 kuzongcola okuzongcola kuzongcola akuzungcola okungezungcola kungezungcola
class 17 kuzongcola okuzongcola kuzongcola akuzungcola okungezungcola kungezungcola
remote future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyongcola engiyongcola ngiyongcola angiyungcola engingeyungcola ngingeyungcola
2nd singular uyongcola oyongcola uyongcola awuyungcola ongeyungcola ungeyungcola
1st plural siyongcola esiyongcola siyongcola asiyungcola esingeyungcola singeyungcola
2nd plural niyongcola eniyongcola niyongcola aniyungcola eningeyungcola ningeyungcola
class 1 uyongcola oyongcola eyongcola akayungcola ongeyungcola engeyungcola
class 2 bayongcola abayongcola beyongcola abayungcola abangeyungcola bengeyungcola
class 3 uyongcola oyongcola uyongcola awuyungcola ongeyungcola ungeyungcola
class 4 iyongcola eyongcola iyongcola ayiyungcola engeyungcola ingeyungcola
class 5 liyongcola eliyongcola liyongcola aliyungcola elingeyungcola lingeyungcola
class 6 ayongcola ayongcola eyongcola awayungcola angeyungcola engeyungcola
class 7 siyongcola esiyongcola siyongcola asiyungcola esingeyungcola singeyungcola
class 8 ziyongcola eziyongcola ziyongcola aziyungcola ezingeyungcola zingeyungcola
class 9 iyongcola eyongcola iyongcola ayiyungcola engeyungcola ingeyungcola
class 10 ziyongcola eziyongcola ziyongcola aziyungcola ezingeyungcola zingeyungcola
class 11 luyongcola oluyongcola luyongcola aluyungcola olungeyungcola lungeyungcola
class 14 buyongcola obuyongcola buyongcola abuyungcola obungeyungcola bungeyungcola
class 15 kuyongcola okuyongcola kuyongcola akuyungcola okungeyungcola kungeyungcola
class 17 kuyongcola okuyongcola kuyongcola akuyungcola okungeyungcola kungeyungcola
present subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngingcole ngingangcoli
2nd singular ungcole ungangcoli
1st plural singcole singangcoli
2nd plural ningcole ningangcoli
class 1 angcole angangcoli
class 2 bangcole bangangcoli
class 3 ungcole ungangcoli
class 4 ingcole ingangcoli
class 5 lingcole lingangcoli
class 6 angcole angangcoli
class 7 singcole singangcoli
class 8 zingcole zingangcoli
class 9 ingcole ingangcoli
class 10 zingcole zingangcoli
class 11 lungcole lungangcoli
class 14 bungcole bungangcoli
class 15 kungcole kungangcoli
class 17 kungcole kungangcoli
past subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngangcola ngangangcola, angangcola, angangangcola
2nd singular wangcola wangangcola, awangcola, awangangcola
1st plural sangcola sangangcola, asangcola, asangangcola
2nd plural nangcola nangangcola, anangcola, anangangcola
class 1 wangcola wangangcola, akangcola, akangangcola
class 2 bangcola bangangcola, abangcola, abangangcola
class 3 wangcola wangangcola, awangcola, awangangcola
class 4 yangcola yangangcola, ayangcola, ayangangcola
class 5 langcola langangcola, alangcola, alangangcola
class 6 angcola angangcola, awangcola, awangangcola
class 7 sangcola sangangcola, asangcola, asangangcola
class 8 zangcola zangangcola, azangcola, azangangcola
class 9 yangcola yangangcola, ayangcola, ayangangcola
class 10 zangcola zangangcola, azangcola, azangangcola
class 11 lwangcola lwangangcola, alwangcola, alwangangcola
class 14 bangcola bangangcola, abangcola, abangangcola
class 15 kwangcola kwangangcola, akwangcola, akwangangcola
class 17 kwangcola kwangangcola, akwangcola, akwangangcola

References

  • C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ngcola”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ngcola (6.3)”
  • Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444
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