Egyptian
Etymology
s- (causative prefix) + ḥḏ (“to be white”).
Pronunciation
Verb
caus. 2-lit.
- (transitive) to brighten
c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE,
Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 12–13:
- ḫꜥ ḥr nst nt (j)t.f mj rꜥ wbn.f m ꜣḫt rdj.f šsp n ḥr(j) kkw sḥḏ.n.f šw m šwtj.fj bꜥḥ.n.f tꜣwj mj jṯn m tp-dwꜣyt
- One shining forth on the throne of his father like Ra when he rises in the Akhet, he gave light to what was covered by darkness, having brightened the air with his two plumes, having flooded the Two Lands (Egypt) like the sun disk at the break of dawn.
c. 1401 BCE,
Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 7–8:
- sḥḏ kk(w)t srq.k ḥtm(y)t (j)ꜥr.k m rn.k n(j) rꜥ r bw ẖr(j) wsjr ḫntj-jmntjw
- Brighten the darkness that you might make the Place of Destruction breathe, that you might ascend in your name of Ra to the place where Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, is.
Inflection
Conjugation of sḥḏ (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḥḏ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sḥḏt, sḥḏ
|
sḥḏw, sḥḏ
|
sḥḏt
|
sḥḏ
|
sḥḏ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sḥḏ
|
ḥr sḥḏ
|
m sḥḏ
|
r sḥḏ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḥḏ.n
|
sḥḏw, sḥḏ
|
consecutive
|
sḥḏ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sḥḏt
|
| perfective3
|
sḥḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sḥḏ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sḥḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sḥḏw, sḥḏ, sḥḏy
|
sḥḏw, sḥḏ, sḥḏy
|
potentialis1
|
sḥḏ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sḥḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḥḏ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sḥḏ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḥḏ
|
sḥḏ, sḥḏw5, sḥḏy5
|
| imperfective
|
sḥḏ, sḥḏy, sḥḏw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḥḏ, sḥḏj6, sḥḏy6
|
sḥḏ, sḥḏw5
|
| prospective
|
sḥḏ, sḥḏtj7
|
—
|
sḥḏwtj1 4, sḥḏtj4, sḥḏt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḥḏ
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 312.