Egyptian
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Noun
m
- plan
- idea, piece of advice
- conduct
c. 1900 BCE,
The Instructions of Kagemni (
pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.3–2.4:
- rdj.jn ṯꜣt(j) njs.t(w) nꜣy.f n(j) ẖrdw m ḫt ꜥrq.f sḫr r(m)ṯw bj(ꜣ)t.sn m jjt ḥr.f
- So the vizier let his children be summoned after he understood the conduct of people, their character being what had come upon him.
Inflection
Declension of sḫr (masculine)
| singular
|
sḫr
|
| dual
|
sḫrwj
|
| plural
|
sḫrw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḫr
Etymology 2
s- (causative prefix) + ḫr (“to fall”).
Pronunciation
Verb
caus. 2-lit.
- (transitive) to fell, to cast down
- (transitive) to lower one’s voice
Inflection
Conjugation of sḫr (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḫr
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sḫrt, sḫr
|
sḫrw, sḫr
|
sḫrt
|
sḫr
|
sḫr
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sḫr
|
ḥr sḫr
|
m sḫr
|
r sḫr
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḫr.n
|
sḫrw, sḫr
|
consecutive
|
sḫr.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sḫrt
|
| perfective3
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sḫr.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sḫrw, sḫr, sḫry
|
sḫrw, sḫr, sḫry
|
potentialis1
|
sḫr.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḫr.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḫr
|
sḫr, sḫrw5, sḫry5
|
| imperfective
|
sḫr, sḫry, sḫrw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḫr, sḫrj6, sḫry6
|
sḫr, sḫrw5
|
| prospective
|
sḫr, sḫrtj7
|
—
|
sḫrwtj1 4, sḫrtj4, sḫrt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḫr
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
Verb
3-lit.
- alternative form of sšr (“to coat, to stroke, to milk”)
Inflection
Conjugation of sḫr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sḫr, geminated stem: sḫrr
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sḫr
|
sḫrw, sḫr
|
sḫrt
|
sḫr
|
sḫr
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sḫr
|
ḥr sḫr
|
m sḫr
|
r sḫr
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḫr.n
|
sḫrw, sḫr
|
consecutive
|
sḫr.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sḫrt
|
| perfective3
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sḫr.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sḫr
|
sḫrr
|
potentialis1
|
sḫr.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḫr.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḫr
|
sḫr, sḫrw5, sḫry5
|
| imperfective
|
sḫr, sḫry, sḫrw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḫr, sḫrj6, sḫry6
|
sḫr, sḫrw5
|
| prospective
|
sḫr, sḫrtj7
|
—
|
sḫrtj4, sḫrt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 62, 68–70, 118, 228, 230, 317, 395.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 25