Egyptian
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsiːbaʀ/ → /ˈsiːbaʀ/ → /ˈsiːbə/ → /ˈsiːβ/
Noun
m
- star
c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE,
Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 13:
- wrrt.f dm.n.s ḥrt snsn.n.s sbꜣw
- His White Crown, it has pierced the sky, it has fraternized with the stars.
- meteor, falling star
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 129–130:
- ꜥḥꜥ.n sbꜣ hꜣ.w pr.n nꜣ m ḫt m-ꜥ.f
- Then a star fell. They went up in flames because of it.
Inflection
Declension of sbꜣ (masculine)
| singular
|
sbꜣ
|
| dual
|
sbꜣwj
|
| plural
|
sbꜣw
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: sw
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲉⲩ (seu), ⲥⲓⲩ (siu)
- Old Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩ (sioou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /saˈbiʀ/ → /saˈbiʀ/ → /səˈbeʔ/ → /səˈβeʔ/
Noun
m
- gate, doorway
c. 1401 BCE,
Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 1:
- wn n.j sbꜣw.ṯn
snš n.j ꜥrrwyt.ṯn - Open your doors to me!
Unstop your gates for me!
Inflection
Declension of sbꜣ (masculine)
| singular
|
sbꜣ
|
| dual
|
sbꜣwj
|
| plural
|
sbꜣw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sbꜣ
Descendants
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲏ (sbē)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /saˈbaʀ/ → /saˈbaʀ/ → /səˈbaʔ/ → /səˈβaʔ/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to teach
Usage notes
This verb can take two direct objects, the person taught and the thing the person is taught.
Inflection
Conjugation of sbꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sbꜣ, geminated stem: sbꜣꜣ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sbꜣ
|
sbꜣw, sbꜣ
|
sbꜣt
|
sbꜣ
|
sbꜣ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sbꜣ
|
ḥr sbꜣ
|
m sbꜣ
|
r sbꜣ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sbꜣ.n
|
sbꜣw, sbꜣ
|
consecutive
|
sbꜣ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sbꜣt
|
| perfective3
|
sbꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sbꜣ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sbꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sbꜣ
|
sbꜣꜣ
|
potentialis1
|
sbꜣ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sbꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sbꜣ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sbꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sbꜣ
|
sbꜣ, sbꜣw5, sbꜣy5
|
| imperfective
|
sbꜣ, sbꜣy, sbꜣw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sbꜣ, sbꜣj6, sbꜣy6
|
sbꜣ, sbꜣw5
|
| prospective
|
sbꜣ, sbꜣtj7
|
—
|
sbꜣtj4, sbꜣt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sbꜣ
Derived terms
Descendants
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃ- (seb-)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲟ (sbo), ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo), ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 169–170, 254, 357.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 84, 123, 147
- Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary[2], Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 368
- ^ Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 184
- ^ “EA 368”, in Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative: CDLI[1], 2021