Egyptian
Etymology
s- (causative prefix) + gnn (“to be soft”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsakʼnan/ → /ˈsakʼnan/ → /ˈsakʼnən/ → /ˈsakʼnən/
Verb
caus. 2ae gem.
- (transitive) to soften
Inflection
Conjugation of sgnn (causative second geminate / caus. 2ae gem. / caus. II. gem.) — base stem: sgn, geminated stem: sgnn
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sgnn
|
sgnn
|
sgnnt
|
sgnn
|
sgnn
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sgnn
|
ḥr sgnn
|
m sgnn
|
r sgnn
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sgnn.n
|
sgnnw, sgnn
|
consecutive
|
sgnn.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sgnnt
|
| perfective3
|
sgnn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sgnn.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sgnn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sgnnw, sgnn, sgnny
|
sgnnw, sgnn, sgnny
|
potentialis1
|
sgnn.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sgnn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sgnn.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sgnn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| imperfective
|
sgnn, sgnny, sgnnw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sgnn, sgnnj6, sgnny6
|
sgnn, sgnnw5
|
| prospective
|
sgnn, sgnntj7
|
—
|
sgnnwtj1 4, sgnntj4, sgnnt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Descendants
- Demotic: sgn
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟϫⲉⲛ (sočen)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟϭⲛ (socn)
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 330.