vakar

Hungarian

Etymology

Perhaps from a bound root of unknown origin + -r (obsolete frequentative suffix).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈvɒkɒr]
  • Hyphenation: va‧kar
  • Rhymes: -ɒr

Verb

vakar

  1. (transitive) to scratch

Conjugation

Conjugation of vakar
Click for archaic forms 1st person sg 2nd person sg
informal 		3rd person sg,
2nd p. sg formal 		1st person pl 2nd person pl
informal 		3rd person pl,
2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive indica­tive pre­sent indef. vakarok vakarsz vakar vakarunk vakartok vakarnak
def. vakarom vakarod vakarja vakarjuk vakarjátok vakarják
2nd obj vakarlak
past indef. vakartam vakartál vakart vakartunk vakartatok vakartak
def. vakartam vakartad vakarta vakartuk vakartátok vakarták
2nd obj vakartalak
future
Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. vakarni fog.
archaic
preterite 		indef. vakarék vakarál vakara vakaránk vakarátok vakarának
def. vakarám vakarád vakará vakaránk vakarátok vakarák
2nd obj vakarálak
archaic past Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. vakar vala, vakart vala/volt.
archaic future indef. vakarandok vakarandasz vakarand vakarandunk vakarandotok vakarandanak
def. vakarandom vakarandod vakarandja vakarandjuk vakarandjátok vakarandják
2nd obj vakarandalak
condi­tional pre­sent indef. vakarnék vakarnál vakarna vakarnánk vakarnátok vakarnának
def. vakarnám vakarnád vakarná vakarnánk
(or vakarnók) 		vakarnátok vakarnák
2nd obj vakarnálak
past Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. vakart volna
sub­junc­tive sub­junc­tive pre­sent indef. vakarjak vakarj or
vakarjál 		vakarjon vakarjunk vakarjatok vakarjanak
def. vakarjam vakard or
vakarjad 		vakarja vakarjuk vakarjátok vakarják
2nd obj vakarjalak
(archaic) past Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. vakart légyen
infinitive vakarni vakarnom vakarnod vakarnia vakarnunk vakarnotok vakarniuk
other
forms 		verbal noun present part. past part. future part. adverbial participle causative
vakarás vakaró vakart vakarandó vakarva (vakarván) vakartat
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular
(and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs).
Potential conjugation of vakar
Click for archaic forms 1st person sg 2nd person sg
informal 		3rd person sg,
2nd p. sg formal 		1st person pl 2nd person pl
informal 		3rd person pl,
2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive indica­tive pre­sent indef. vakarhatok vakarhatsz vakarhat vakarhatunk vakarhattok vakarhatnak
def. vakarhatom vakarhatod vakarhatja vakarhatjuk vakarhatjátok vakarhatják
2nd obj vakarhatlak
past indef. vakarhattam vakarhattál vakarhatott vakarhattunk vakarhattatok vakarhattak
def. vakarhattam vakarhattad vakarhatta vakarhattuk vakarhattátok vakarhatták
2nd obj vakarhattalak
archaic
preterite 		indef. vakarhaték vakarhatál vakarhata vakarhatánk vakarhatátok vakarhatának
def. vakarhatám vakarhatád vakarhatá vakarhatánk vakarhatátok vakarhaták
2nd obj vakarhatálak
archaic past Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. vakarhat vala, vakarhatott vala/volt.
archaic future indef. vakarhatandok
or vakarandhatok 		vakarhatandasz
or vakarandhatsz 		vakarhatand
or vakarandhat 		vakarhatandunk
or vakarandhatunk 		vakarhatandotok
or vakarandhattok 		vakarhatandanak
or vakarandhatnak
def. vakarhatandom
or vakarandhatom 		vakarhatandod
or vakarandhatod 		vakarhatandja
or vakarandhatja 		vakarhatandjuk
or vakarandhatjuk 		vakarhatandjátok
or vakarandhatjátok 		vakarhatandják
or vakarandhatják
2nd obj vakarhatandalak
or vakarandhatlak
condi­tional pre­sent indef. vakarhatnék vakarhatnál vakarhatna vakarhatnánk vakarhatnátok vakarhatnának
def. vakarhatnám vakarhatnád vakarhatná vakarhatnánk
(or vakarhatnók) 		vakarhatnátok vakarhatnák
2nd obj vakarhatnálak
past Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. vakarhatott volna
sub­junc­tive sub­junc­tive pre­sent indef. vakarhassak vakarhass or
vakarhassál 		vakarhasson vakarhassunk vakarhassatok vakarhassanak
def. vakarhassam vakarhasd or
vakarhassad 		vakarhassa vakarhassuk vakarhassátok vakarhassák
2nd obj vakarhassalak
(archaic) past Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. vakarhatott légyen
infinitive (vakarhatni) (vakarhatnom) (vakarhatnod) (vakarhatnia) (vakarhatnunk) (vakarhatnotok) (vakarhatniuk)
other
forms 		positive adjective negative adjective adverbial participle
vakarható vakarhatatlan (vakarhatva / vakarhatván)

Derived terms

  • vakarás
  • vakarcs
  • vakarék
  • vakargat
  • vakaródzik

(With verbal prefixes):

  • belevakar
  • elvakar
  • felvakar
  • kivakar
  • levakar
  • megvakar

References

  1. ^ vakar in Károly Gerstner, editor, Új magyar etimológiai szótár [New Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian] (ÚESz.), Online edition (beta version), Budapest: MTA Research Institute for Linguistics / Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics, 2011–2024.

Further reading

  • vakar in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Latgalian

Etymology

Cognate with Latvian vakar and Lithuanian vakar.

Related to vokors (“night”), with the original meaning being similar to "the previous night".

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈvakàr]
  • Hyphenation: va‧kar

Adverb

vakar

  1. yesterday

Derived terms

References

  • Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 112

Latvian

Etymology

Probably the adverbial form of an earlier (unattested) adjective, of which vakars (“night”) is the nominal form. The original meaning was probably “the previous night”, whence later “yesterday”; compare Russian ве́чер (véčer, “evening”), вчера́ (včerá, “yesterday”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [vakar]

Adverb

vakar

  1. yesterday (in the day before today)
    vakar bija slikts laiks ― yesterday the weather was bad
    vakar no rīta ― yesterday morning
    vakar vakarā ― yesterday evening
    “jaunkundze vakar vēlu pārnāca mājās?” “jā, aizgājām no kluba pie Ralfa spēlēt pokeru” ― “milady came back late yesterday?” “yes, I went from the club to Ralph's (place) to play poker”
  2. yesterday (in the, usually recent, past)
    funkcionāri šodien ir vienkāršāki, demokrātiskāki nekā vakar ― (public) officials are simpler, more democratic today than yesterday

Usage notes

Vakars as a noun, means “evening” (locative form vakarā “in the evening”, used also as a temporal adverb) while historically related vakar is an adverb, meaning “yesterday” (its nominal counterpart is vakardiena “(the day of) yesterday”).

Antonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “vakars”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

Lithuanian

Etymology

From vakaras. Compare Russian вечер (večer) and вчера (včera).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈʋaːkɐɾ]

Adverb

vãkar (not comparable)

  1. yesterday
    Vakar kur buvai?
    Where were you yesterday?

Derived terms

See also

Dates relative to today in Lithuanian (layout · text)
–3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
direct speech three days ago two days ago yesterday today tomorrow in two days in three days
užužvakar užvakar vakar šiandien rytoj poryt užporyt
reported speech three days before, three days earlier two days before, two days earlier the day before on that day the next day two days later three days later
[Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]

Further reading

Swedish

Noun

vakar

  1. indefinite plural of vak

Verb

vakar

  1. present indicative of vaka
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