shell script function return a string

Question

I am new to shell scripts, I am trying to create a simple function which will return the concatenated two strings that are passed as parameters. I tried with below code

   function getConcatenatedString() {
       echo "String1 $1"
       echo "String2 $2"
       str=$1/$2
       echo "Concatenated String ${str}"
       echo "${str}"
   }

//I am calling the above function

  constr=$(getConcatenatedString "hello" "world")
  echo "printing result"
  echo "${constr}"
  echo "exit"

I see the below output when running the script with above code,

   printing result
   String1 hello
   String2 world
   Concatenated String hello/world
   hello/world
   exit

If you look at the code I am first calling the function and then I am echoing "printing result" statement, but the result is first comes the "printing result" and echos the statement inside the function. Is the below statement calling the function

   constr=$(getConcatenatedString "hello" "world")

or

   echo ${constr}

is calling the function ?

Because if I comment out #echo ${constr} then nothing is getting echoed !!! Please clarify me.

paxdiablo · Accepted Answer · 2012-08-01T11:51:00.440

The first is calling the function and storing all of the output (four echo statements) into $constr.

Then, after return, you echo the preamble printing result, $constr (consisting of four lines) and the exit message.

That's how $() works, it captures the entire standard output from the enclosed command.

It sounds like you want to see some of the echo statements on the console rather than capturing them with the $(). I think you should just be able to send them to standard error for that:

echo "String1 $1" >&2

score 1 · Answer 2 · answered Aug 01 '12 at 14:19

paxdiablo's solution is correct. You cannot return a string from a function, but you can capture the output of the function or return an integer value that can be retrieved by the caller from $?. However, since all shell variables are global, you can simply do:

getConcatenatedString() { str="$1/$2"; }      
getConcatenatedString hello world
echo "Concatenated String ${str}"

Note that the function keyword is redundant with (), but function is less portable.

mr.spuratic · Answer 3 · 2014-03-21T14:15:44.990

A more flexible, but slightly harder to understand approach is to pass a variable name, and use eval so that the variable becomes set in the caller's context (either a global or a function local). In bash:

function mylist()
{
    local _varname=$1 _p _t
    shift

    for _p in "$@"; do
        _t=$_t[$_p]
    done

    eval "$_varname=\$_t"
}

mylist tmpvar a b c
echo "result: $tmpvar"

On my Linux desktop (bash-3.2) it's approx 3-5x faster (10,000 iterations) than using ``, since the latter has process creation overheads.

If you have bash-4.2, its declare -g allows a function to set a global variable, so you can replace the unpretty eval with:

declare -g $_varname="$_t"

The eval method is similar to TCL's upvar 1, and declare -g is similar to upvar #0.

Some shell builtins support something similar, like bash's printf with "-v", again saving process creation by assigning directly to a variable instead of capturing output (~20-25x faster for me).

shell script function return a string

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