Following @Bob's advice, I wrote my own function to solve this problem. Here it is:
// take number image type number (from cv::Mat.type()), get OpenCV's enum string.
string getImgType(int imgTypeInt)
{
    int numImgTypes = 35; // 7 base types, with five channel options each (none or C1, ..., C4)
    int enum_ints[] =       {CV_8U,  CV_8UC1,  CV_8UC2,  CV_8UC3,  CV_8UC4,
                             CV_8S,  CV_8SC1,  CV_8SC2,  CV_8SC3,  CV_8SC4,
                             CV_16U, CV_16UC1, CV_16UC2, CV_16UC3, CV_16UC4,
                             CV_16S, CV_16SC1, CV_16SC2, CV_16SC3, CV_16SC4,
                             CV_32S, CV_32SC1, CV_32SC2, CV_32SC3, CV_32SC4,
                             CV_32F, CV_32FC1, CV_32FC2, CV_32FC3, CV_32FC4,
                             CV_64F, CV_64FC1, CV_64FC2, CV_64FC3, CV_64FC4};
    string enum_strings[] = {"CV_8U",  "CV_8UC1",  "CV_8UC2",  "CV_8UC3",  "CV_8UC4",
                             "CV_8S",  "CV_8SC1",  "CV_8SC2",  "CV_8SC3",  "CV_8SC4",
                             "CV_16U", "CV_16UC1", "CV_16UC2", "CV_16UC3", "CV_16UC4",
                             "CV_16S", "CV_16SC1", "CV_16SC2", "CV_16SC3", "CV_16SC4",
                             "CV_32S", "CV_32SC1", "CV_32SC2", "CV_32SC3", "CV_32SC4",
                             "CV_32F", "CV_32FC1", "CV_32FC2", "CV_32FC3", "CV_32FC4",
                             "CV_64F", "CV_64FC1", "CV_64FC2", "CV_64FC3", "CV_64FC4"};
    for(int i=0; i<numImgTypes; i++)
    {
        if(imgTypeInt == enum_ints[i]) return enum_strings[i];
    }
    return "unknown image type";
}
Did I forget to include any OpenCV image types in my lookup table?