How do I rename all folders and files to lowercase on Linux?

Question

I have to rename a complete folder tree recursively so that no uppercase letter appears anywhere (it's C++ source code, but that shouldn't matter).

Bonus points for ignoring CVS and Subversion version control files/folders. The preferred way would be a shell script, since a shell should be available on any Linux box.

There were some valid arguments about details of the file renaming.

1. I think files with the same lowercase names should be overwritten; it's the user's problem. When checked out on a case-ignoring file system, it would overwrite the first one with the latter, too.

2. I would consider A-Z characters and transform them to a-z, everything else is just calling for problems (at least with source code).

3. The script would be needed to run a build on a Linux system, so I think changes to CVS or Subversion version control files should be omitted. After all, it's just a scratch checkout. Maybe an "export" is more appropriate.

Answer 1

Smaller still I quite like:

rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *

On case insensitive filesystems such as OS X's HFS+, you will want to add the -f flag:

rename -f 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *

Answer 2

A concise version using the "rename" command:

find my_root_dir -depth -exec rename 's/(.*)\/([^\/]*)/$1\/\L$2/' {} \;

This avoids problems with directories being renamed before files and trying to move files into non-existing directories (e.g. "A/A" into "a/a").

Or, a more verbose version without using "rename".

for SRC in `find my_root_dir -depth`
do
    DST=`dirname "${SRC}"`/`basename "${SRC}" | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
    if [ "${SRC}" != "${DST}" ]
    then
        [ ! -e "${DST}" ] && mv -T "${SRC}" "${DST}" || echo "${SRC} was not renamed"
    fi
done

P.S.

The latter allows more flexibility with the move command (for example, "svn mv").

Answer 3

for f in `find`; do mv -v "$f" "`echo $f | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`"; done

Answer 4

Just simply try the following if you don't need to care about efficiency.

zip -r foo.zip foo/*
unzip -LL foo.zip

Answer 5

One can simply use the following which is less complicated:

rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *

Answer 6

This works on CentOS/Red Hat Linux or other distributions without the rename Perl script:

for i in $( ls | grep [A-Z] ); do mv -i "$i" "`echo $i | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'`"; done

Source: Rename all file names from uppercase to lowercase characters

(In some distributions the default rename command comes from util-linux, and that is a different, incompatible tool.)

Answer 7

The simplest approach I found on Mac OS X was to use the rename package from http://plasmasturm.org/code/rename/:

brew install rename
rename --force --lower-case --nows *

--force Rename even when a file with the destination name already exists.

--lower-case Convert file names to all lower case.

--nows Replace all sequences of whitespace in the filename with single underscore characters.

Answer 8

This works if you already have or set up the rename command (e.g. through brew install in Mac):

rename --lower-case --force somedir/*

Answer 9

Most of the answers above are dangerous, because they do not deal with names containing odd characters. Your safest bet for this kind of thing is to use find's -print0 option, which will terminate filenames with ASCII NUL instead of \n.

Here is a script, which only alter files and not directory names so as not to confuse find:

find .  -type f -print0 | xargs -0n 1 bash -c \
's=$(dirname "$0")/$(basename "$0");
d=$(dirname "$0")/$(basename "$0"|tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]"); mv -f "$s" "$d"'

I tested it, and it works with filenames containing spaces, all kinds of quotes, etc. This is important because if you run, as root, one of those other scripts on a tree that includes the file created by

touch \;\ echo\ hacker::0:0:hacker:\$\'\057\'root:\$\'\057\'bin\$\'\057\'bash

... well guess what ...

Answer 10

Here's my suboptimal solution, using a Bash shell script:

#!/bin/bash
# First, rename all folders
for f in `find . -depth ! -name CVS -type d`; do
   g=`dirname "$f"`/`basename "$f" | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
   if [ "xxx$f" != "xxx$g" ]; then
      echo "Renaming folder $f"
      mv -f "$f" "$g"
   fi
done

# Now, rename all files
for f in `find . ! -type d`; do
   g=`dirname "$f"`/`basename "$f" | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
   if [ "xxx$f" != "xxx$g" ]; then
      echo "Renaming file $f"
      mv -f "$f" "$g"
   fi
done

Folders are all renamed correctly, and mv isn't asking questions when permissions don't match, and CVS folders are not renamed (CVS control files inside that folder are still renamed, unfortunately).

Since "find -depth" and "find | sort -r" both return the folder list in a usable order for renaming, I preferred using "-depth" for searching folders.

Answer 11

One-liner:

for F in K*; do NEWNAME=$(echo "$F" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'); mv "$F" "$NEWNAME"; done

Or even:

for F in K*; do mv "$F" "${F,,}"; done

Note that this will convert only files/directories starting with letter K, so adjust accordingly.

Answer 12

Using Larry Wall's filename fixer:

$op = shift or die $help;
chomp(@ARGV = <STDIN>) unless @ARGV;
for (@ARGV) {
    $was = $_;
    eval $op;
    die $@ if $@;
    rename($was,$_) unless $was eq $_;
}

It's as simple as

find | fix 'tr/A-Z/a-z/'

(where fix is of course the script above)

Answer 13

The original question asked for ignoring SVN and CVS directories, which can be done by adding -prune to the find command. E.g to ignore CVS:

find . -name CVS -prune -o -exec mv '{}' `echo {} | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'` \; -print

[edit] I tried this out, and embedding the lower-case translation inside the find didn't work for reasons I don't actually understand. So, amend this to:

$> cat > tolower
#!/bin/bash
mv $1 `echo $1 | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'`
^D
$> chmod u+x tolower 
$> find . -name CVS -prune -o -exec tolower '{}'  \;

Ian

Answer 14

Not portable, Zsh only, but pretty concise.

First, make sure zmv is loaded.

autoload -U zmv

Also, make sure extendedglob is on:

setopt extendedglob

Then use:

zmv '(**/)(*)~CVS~**/CVS' '${1}${(L)2}'

To recursively lowercase files and directories where the name is not CVS.

Answer 15

This works nicely on macOS too:

ruby -e "Dir['*'].each { |p| File.rename(p, p.downcase) }"

Answer 16

for f in `find -depth`; do mv ${f} ${f,,} ; done

find -depth prints each file and directory, with a directory's contents printed before the directory itself. ${f,,} lowercases the file name.

Answer 17

This is a small shell script that does what you requested:

root_directory="${1?-please specify parent directory}"
do_it () {
    awk '{ lc= tolower($0); if (lc != $0) print "mv \""  $0 "\" \"" lc "\"" }' | sh
}
# first the folders
find "$root_directory" -depth -type d | do_it
find "$root_directory" ! -type d | do_it

Note the -depth action in the first find.

Answer 18

Use typeset:

typeset -l new        # Always lowercase
find $topPoint |      # Not using xargs to make this more readable
  while read old
  do new="$old"       # $new is a lowercase version of $old
     mv "$old" "$new" # Quotes for those annoying embedded spaces
  done

On Windows, emulations, like Git Bash, may fail because Windows isn't case-sensitive under the hood. For those, add a step that mv's the file to another name first, like "$old.tmp", and then to $new.

Answer 19

In OS X, mv -f shows "same file" error, so I rename twice:

for i in `find . -name "*" -type f |grep -e "[A-Z]"`; do j=`echo $i | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]' | sed s/\-1$//`; mv $i $i-1; mv $i-1 $j; done

Answer 20

With MacOS,

Install the rename package,

brew install rename

Use,

find . -iname "*.py" -type f | xargs -I% rename -c -f  "%"                       

This command find all the files with a *.py extension and converts the filenames to lower case.

`f` - forces a rename

For example,

$ find . -iname "*.py" -type f
./sample/Sample_File.py
./sample_file.py
$ find . -iname "*.py" -type f | xargs -I% rename -c -f  "%"
$ find . -iname "*.py" -type f
./sample/sample_file.py
./sample_file.py

Answer 21

Lengthy But "Works With No Surprises & No Installations"

This script handles filenames with spaces, quotes, other unusual characters and Unicode, works on case insensitive filesystems and most Unix-y environments that have bash and awk installed (i.e. almost all). It also reports collisions if any (leaving the filename in uppercase) and of course renames both files & directories and works recursively. Finally it's highly adaptable: you can tweak the find command to target the files/dirs you wish and you can tweak awk to do other name manipulations. Note that by "handles Unicode" I mean that it will indeed convert their case (not ignore them like answers that use tr).

# adapt the following command _IF_ you want to deal with specific files/dirs
find . -depth -mindepth 1 -exec bash -c '
  for file do
    # adapt the awk command if you wish to rename to something other than lowercase
    newname=$(dirname "$file")/$(basename "$file" | awk "{print tolower(\$0)}")
    if [ "$file" != "$newname" ] ; then
        # the extra step with the temp filename is for case-insensitive filesystems
        if [ ! -e "$newname" ] && [ ! -e "$newname.lcrnm.tmp" ] ; then
           mv -T "$file" "$newname.lcrnm.tmp" && mv -T "$newname.lcrnm.tmp" "$newname" 
        else
           echo "ERROR: Name already exists: $newname"
        fi
    fi    
  done
' sh {} +

---

References

My script is based on these excellent answers:

https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9496/looping-through-files-with-spaces-in-the-names

How to convert a string to lower case in Bash?

Answer 22

I needed to do this on a Cygwin setup on Windows 7 and found that I got syntax errors with the suggestions from above that I tried (though I may have missed a working option). However, this solution straight from Ubuntu forums worked out of the can :-)

ls | while read upName; do loName=`echo "${upName}" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'`; mv "$upName" "$loName"; done

(NB: I had previously replaced whitespace with underscores using:

for f in *\ *; do mv "$f" "${f// /_}"; done

)

Answer 23

Slugify Rename (regex)

It is not exactly what the OP asked for, but what I was hoping to find on this page:

A "slugify" version for renaming files so they are similar to URLs (i.e. only include alphanumeric, dots, and dashes):

rename "s/[^a-zA-Z0-9\.]+/-/g" filename

Answer 24

I would reach for Python in this situation, to avoid optimistically assuming paths without spaces or slashes. I've also found that python2 tends to be installed in more places than rename.

#!/usr/bin/env python2
import sys, os

def rename_dir(directory):
  print('DEBUG: rename('+directory+')')

  # Rename current directory if needed
  os.rename(directory, directory.lower())
  directory = directory.lower()

  # Rename children
  for fn in os.listdir(directory):
    path = os.path.join(directory, fn)
    os.rename(path, path.lower())
    path = path.lower()

    # Rename children within, if this child is a directory
    if os.path.isdir(path):
        rename_dir(path)

# Run program, using the first argument passed to this Python script as the name of the folder
rename_dir(sys.argv[1])

Answer 25

If you use Arch Linux, you can install rename) package from AUR that provides the renamexm command as /usr/bin/renamexm executable and a manual page along with it.

It is a really powerful tool to quickly rename files and directories.

Convert to lowercase

rename -l Developers.mp3 # or --lowcase

Convert to UPPER case

rename -u developers.mp3 # or --upcase, long option

Other options

-R --recursive # directory and its children

-t --test # Dry run, output but don't rename

-o --owner # Change file owner as well to user specified

-v --verbose # Output what file is renamed and its new name

-s/str/str2 # Substitute string on pattern

--yes # Confirm all actions

You can fetch the sample Developers.mp3 file from here, if needed ;)

Answer 26

None of the solutions here worked for me because I was on a system that didn't have access to the perl rename script, plus some of the files included spaces. However, I found a variant that works:

find . -depth -exec sh -c '
    t=${0%/*}/$(printf %s "${0##*/}" | tr "[:upper:]" "[:lower:]");
    [ "$t" = "$0" ] || mv -i "$0" "$t"
' {} \;

Credit goes to "Gilles 'SO- stop being evil'", see this answer on the similar question "change entire directory tree to lower-case names" on the Unix & Linux StackExchange.

Answer 27

I believe the one-liners can be simplified:

for f in **/*; do mv "$f" "${f:l}"; done

Answer 28

( find YOURDIR -type d | sort -r;
  find yourdir -type f ) |
grep -v /CVS | grep -v /SVN |
while read f; do mv -v $f `echo $f | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`; done

First rename the directories bottom up sort -r (where -depth is not available), then the files. Then grep -v /CVS instead of find ...-prune because it's simpler. For large directories, for f in ... can overflow some shell buffers. Use find ... | while read to avoid that.

And yes, this will clobber files which differ only in case...

Answer 29

find . -depth -name '*[A-Z]*'|sed -n 's/\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/mv -n -v -T \1\2 \1\L\2/p'|sh

I haven't tried the more elaborate scripts mentioned here, but none of the single commandline versions worked for me on my Synology NAS. rename is not available, and many of the variations of find fail because it seems to stick to the older name of the already renamed path (eg, if it finds ./FOO followed by ./FOO/BAR, renaming ./FOO to ./foo will still continue to list ./FOO/BAR even though that path is no longer valid). Above command worked for me without any issues.

What follows is an explanation of each part of the command:

---

find . -depth -name '*[A-Z]*'

This will find any file from the current directory (change . to whatever directory you want to process), using a depth-first search (eg., it will list ./foo/bar before ./foo), but only for files that contain an uppercase character. The -name filter only applies to the base file name, not the full path. So this will list ./FOO/BAR but not ./FOO/bar. This is ok, as we don't want to rename ./FOO/bar. We want to rename ./FOO though, but that one is listed later on (this is why -depth is important).

This comand in itself is particularly useful to finding the files that you want to rename in the first place. Use this after the complete rename command to search for files that still haven't been replaced because of file name collisions or errors.

---

sed -n 's/\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/mv -n -v -T \1\2 \1\L\2/p'

This part reads the files outputted by find and formats them in a mv command using a regular expression. The -n option stops sed from printing the input, and the p command in the search-and-replace regex outputs the replaced text.

The regex itself consists of two captures: the part up until the last / (which is the directory of the file), and the filename itself. The directory is left intact, but the filename is transformed to lowercase. So, if find outputs ./FOO/BAR, it will become mv -n -v -T ./FOO/BAR ./FOO/bar. The -n option of mv makes sure existing lowercase files are not overwritten. The -v option makes mv output every change that it makes (or doesn't make - if ./FOO/bar already exists, it outputs something like ./FOO/BAR -> ./FOO/BAR, noting that no change has been made). The -T is very important here - it treats the target file as a directory. This will make sure that ./FOO/BAR isn't moved into ./FOO/bar if that directory happens to exist.

Use this together with find to generate a list of commands that will be executed (handy to verify what will be done without actually doing it)

---

sh

This pretty self-explanatory. It routes all the generated mv commands to the shell interpreter. You can replace it with bash or any shell of your liking.

Answer 30

Using bash, without rename:

find . -exec bash -c 'mv $0 ${0,,}' {} \;

Answer 31

First Step

on MacOS:

brew install rename

on linux:

sudo install rename

Second Step

find . -depth -execdir rename -f 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {} \;

Explain

find . -depth: Ensures that the directories are processed in a depth-first manner. It's important to avoid issues when renaming parent directories before their children.

$ tree -L 3                  
.
└── ACB
    ├── HUS
    └── TEXT.AA

$ find .
.
./ACB
./ACB/TEXT.AA
./ACB/HUS

$ find . -depth                                      
./ACB/TEXT.AA
./ACB/HUS
./ACB
.

-execdir rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {} \;: Executes the rename command with the Perl expression 'y/A-Z/a-z/'. The {} is a placeholder for the directory name, and \; marks the end of the -execdir option.

$ find . -depth -execdir rename -f 'y/A-Z/a-z/' {} \;
# success
$ find .
.
./acb
./acb/text.aa
./acb/hus