In your VSTO code, you should be able to handle the Worksheet SelectionChange event
For example, in a VSTO project we own, we subscribe to the OnChange event of each worksheet at startup:
  private List<Excel.Worksheet> _Worksheets = new List<Excel.Worksheet>();
  private void ThisWorkbook_Startup(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
  {
   foreach (Excel.Worksheet sheet in Worksheets) //Could test for sheet name here
   {
    _Worksheets.Add(sheet);
    sheet.SelectionChange += 
        new Excel.DocEvents_SelectionChangeEventHandler(Sheet_SelectionChange);
   }
  }
You should be able to then get the ActiveCell in your handler, something like:
Excel.Range activeCell = (Excel.Range) this.Application.ActiveCell;
//get the cell value (or other properties)
object value = rng.Value;
Once you have a reference to the cell, you can get the address by using the code from this answer.
You should then be able to update the value of your textbox.