How to plot a bar chart with continous coloring, similar to scale_fill_brewer() but more continously?
ggplot(diamonds, aes(clarity, fill=cut)) + geom_bar()
I would comment on this, but not enough rep yet...
Your problem with the Diamonds data set is that the data is discrete, meaning each value / observation belonging to it is distinct and separate. In order to do a continuous fill you need continuous data (values / observations belonging to it may take on any value within a finite or infinite interval).
When you have a continuous data set you can use the following ggplot2 command: scale_colour_gradient.
EDIT
You can try this: ggplot(diamonds, aes(clarity, fill=..count..)) + geom_bar(), but you loose the Cut information:

Color Brewer has sequential color schemes built in - check colorbrewer2.org. For instance,
ggplot(diamonds, aes(clarity, fill=cut)) + 
  geom_bar() + 
  scale_fill_brewer(palette="PuBu")
yields

Per OP's comment below, it appears that OP wants to map alpha to the factor levels of cut, with alpha decreasing as factor levels increase (i.e., alpha for 'Fair' should be higher than alpha for Ideal). We can manually assign  alpha using scale_alpha_manual, but a simpler solution is to use scale_alpha_discrete with the levels argument defined 'in reverse':
ggplot(diamonds, aes(clarity, alpha=cut)) + geom_bar(fill="darkblue") +
  scale_alpha_discrete(range=c(1, 0.2)) #Note that range is ordered 'backwards'
Of course you can adjust the color using the fill argument to geom_bar (darkblue comes out looking fairly purple).
