Using reflection you can invoke the hidden method getUuids() on the BluetoothAdater:
BluetoothAdapter adapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
Method getUuidsMethod = BluetoothAdapter.class.getDeclaredMethod("getUuids", null);
ParcelUuid[] uuids = (ParcelUuid[]) getUuidsMethod.invoke(adapter, null);
for (ParcelUuid uuid: uuids) {
    Log.d(TAG, "UUID: " + uuid.getUuid().toString());
}
This is the result on a Nexus S:
UUID: 00001000-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 00001001-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 0000110a-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 00001112-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 00001105-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 0000111f-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 0000112f-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
UUID: 00001116-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
where, for instance, 0000111f-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb is for HandsfreeAudioGatewayServiceClass and 00001105-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb is for OBEXObjectPushServiceClass. Actual availability of this method may depend on device and firmware version.