Bottle framework: how to return datetime in JSON response

Question

When I try to return JSON containing datetime value, I'm getting

  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/json/encoder.py", line 178, in default
    raise TypeError(repr(o) + " is not JSON serializable")
TypeError: datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 1, 0, 0) is not JSON serializable

Which is normal. Is there an easy way to add an object hook to bottle like

from bson import json_util
import json
json.dumps(anObject, default=json_util.default)

to get datetime values converted?

Why not something like `datetime.strftime(o, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M')` ? — f p, Jan 22 '14 at 11:52
possible duplicate of this [question](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11875770/how-to-overcome-datetime-datetime-not-json-serializable-in-python) — arocks, Jan 22 '14 at 11:54
@arocks nope, I'm asking about bottle framework which automatically converts dicts to json data on response. — Maksym Polshcha, Jan 22 '14 at 12:01
@SyedHabibM it looks like ```return d``` where ```d``` has a type of ```dict```. ```bottle``` automatically converts dicts to json data. I need an easy way to hook this conversion. — Maksym Polshcha, Jan 22 '14 at 12:11

score 5 · Accepted Answer · answered Jan 22 '14 at 12:13

Interesting question! I can see a couple of ways of doing this. The one would be to write a custom plugin that wraps the JSONPlugin:

from bottle import route, run, install, JSONPlugin
from bson import json_util

class JSONDefaultPlugin(JSONPlugin):
    def __init__(self):
        super(JSONDefaultPlugin, self).__init__()
        self.plain_dump = self.json_dumps
        self.json_dumps = lambda body: self.plain_dump(body, default=json_util.default)

Which can then be used like this:

@route('/hello')
def index(name):
    return {'test': datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 1, 0, 0)}

install(JSONDefaultPlugin())
run(host='localhost', port=8080)

And will give output like this:

{"test": {"$date": 1391212800000}}

Another, shorter, way is to simply specify the json_loads parameter when instantiating the JSONPlugin class:

import json
from bson import json_util

install(JSONPlugin(json_dumps=lambda body: json.dumps(body, default=json_util.default)))

This produces the same result.

Background

This all makes a little more sense when you look at the source code for bottle (some parts removed below for brevity):

class JSONPlugin(object):
    name = 'json'
    api  = 2

    def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
        self.json_dumps = json_dumps

    def apply(self, callback, route):
        dumps = self.json_dumps
        if not dumps: return callback
        def wrapper(*a, **ka):
            ... 

            if isinstance(rv, dict):
                ...
            elif isinstance(rv, HTTPResponse) and isinstance(rv.body, dict):
                rv.body = dumps(rv.body)
                rv.content_type = 'application/json'
            return rv

        return wrapper

All we need to do is make sure the call to dumps there receives the default keyword argument you wish to provide.

Great answer! I was too lazy to have a look at the sources :-) — Maksym Polshcha, Jan 22 '14 at 12:29
or this for short `bottle.install(bottle.JSONPlugin(json_dumps=json_util.dumps))` — Pykler, Nov 29 '15 at 09:33

score 0 · Answer 2 · answered Apr 09 '23 at 07:54

A few short additions:

If you prefer using the standard library only, you can do:

import json
from datetime import datetime
from functools import partial

from bottle import run

from bottle import JSONPlugin, Bottle

json_plugin = JSONPlugin(json_dumps=partial(json.dumps, default=str))
app = Bottle()
app.install(json_plugin)

If you need more sophisticated representation of datetime:

def json_serial(obj):
    """JSON serializer for objects not serializable by default json code"""

    if isinstance(obj, (datetime, date)):
        # NOT SO SOPHISTICATED, BUT BETTER THAN str
        # replace this with what ever format you need
        return obj.isoformat() 
    raise TypeError ("Type %s not serializable" % type(obj))

json_plugin = JSONPlugin(json_dumps=partial(json.dumps, default=json_serial))

Finally, if you prefer brevity: Because the JSON plugin is inserted to the default Bottle instance, you can do:

app = Bottle()
app.plugins[0].json_dumps = partial(json.dumps, default=str)

Bottle framework: how to return datetime in JSON response

2 Answers2

Background