Not yet - Node.js uses V8 engine, which implements ECMA Script 5.
But this functionality will be avialable in the next, ECMA Script 6, release. It's described i.e. in this blog post or on this wiki. V8 (thus Node.js as well) will implement it, as per this issue.
Once it's implemented, it'll look like this:
[a, b] = [b, a]
or this:
function f() { return [1, 2, 3] }
var [a, , b] = f();
(examples from the wiki).
If you really need this, you can always use tools like Google Traceur compiler which allows you to write ES6 code and "compile" it into JavaScript compatible with all modern browsers (and Node.js).