Why is StringBuilder much faster than String?

Question

Why is StringBuilder much faster than string concatenation using the + operator? Even though that the + operator internally is implemented using either StringBuffer or StringBuilder.

public void shortConcatenation(){
    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    while (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime <= 1000){

        character += "Y";
    }

    System.out.println("short: " + character.length());
}

//// using String builder

 public void shortConcatenation2(){
    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    while (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime <= 1000){

        sb.append("Y");
    }
    System.out.println("string builder short: " + sb.length());
}

_{I know that there are a lot of similar questions posted here, but these don't really answer my question.}

What evidence do you have to support the assertion that *`StringBuilder` is much faster than string concatenation using the `+` operator*? — NPE, Mar 16 '14 at 16:07
I have written a code that uses both "+" operator and StringBuilder. Please have a look at it and try to run it to see the result — Jason, Mar 16 '14 at 16:10
Note that your way of measuring the time is heavily flawed. You can not do something like that in a language like Java because of JVM, JIT and GC. Your measurement consists of probably 90% just sideeffects. I have seen it many times already that someone made a measurement like this with the outcome of `10ms` vs `100ms` and concluded that the first must be faster, although it was actually a lot slower in practice. You have to use a framework like JMH to get useable results. — Zabuzard, May 20 '20 at 21:05
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2971315/string-stringbuffer-and-stringbuilder — Sathvik, Sep 13 '20 at 16:56

score 26 · Accepted Answer · edited Sep 23 '22 at 05:11

Do you understand how it works internally?

Every time you do stringA += stringB; a new string is created an assigned to stringA, so it will consume memory (a new string instance!) and time (copy the old string + new characters of the other string).

StringBuilder will use an array of characters internally and when you use the .append() method it will do several things:

check if there are any free space for the string to append
again some internal checks and run a System.arraycopy to copy the characters of the string in the array.

Personally, I think the allocation of a new string every time (creating a new instance of string, put the string, etc.) could be very expensive in terms of memory and speed (in while/for, etc. especially).

In your example, use a StringBuilder is better, but if you need (example) something simple like a .toString(),

public String toString() {
    return StringA + " - " + StringB;
}

makes no differences (well, in this case it is better you avoid StringBuilder overhead which is useless here).

score 19 · Answer 2 · edited May 18 '21 at 11:14

Strings in Java are immutable. This means that methods that operate on strings cannot ever change the value of a string. String concatenation using += works by allocating memory for an entirely new string that is the concatenation of the two previous ones, and replacing the reference with this new string. Each new concatenation requires the construction of an entirely new String object.

In contrast, the StringBuilder and StringBuffer classes are implemented as a mutable sequence of characters. This means that as you append new Strings or characters onto a StringBuilder, it simply updates its internal array to reflect the changes you've made. This means that new memory is only allocated when the string grows past the buffer already existing in a StringBuilder.

score 2 · Answer 3 · edited May 18 '21 at 11:19

I can list a very nice example for understanding the same (I mean I felt it's a nice example). Check the code here taken from a LeetCode problem: https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-outermost-parentheses/

1: Using String

public String removeOuterParentheses(String S) {

    String a = "";
    int num = 0;
    for(int i=0; i < S.length()-1; i++) {
        if(S.charAt(i) == '(' && num++ > 0) {
            a += "(";
        }
        if(S.charAt(i) == ')' && num-- > 1) {
            a += ")";
        }
    }
    return a;
}

And now, using StringBuilder.

public String removeOuterParentheses(String S) {

    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

    int a = 0;
    for(char ch : S.toCharArray()) {
        if(ch == '(' && a++ > 0) sb.append('(');
        if(ch == ')' && a-- > 1) sb.append(')');
    }
    return sb.toString();
}

The performance of both varies by a huge margin. The first submission uses String while the latter one uses StringBuilder.

As explained above the theory is the same. String by property is immutable and synchronous,i.e. its state cannot be changed. The second, for example, is expensive owing to the creation of a new memory allocation whenever a concatenation function or "+" is used. It will consume a lot of heap and in return be slower. In comparison StringBuilder is mutable, it will only append and not create an overload on the memory consumed.

Why is StringBuilder much faster than String?

3 Answers3

Linked