I've searched for questions asking this, I've seen many answers about opening the console that I'm showing on the screenshot, but all I see is the console of the command line debugger lldb, not the application's output.

I've searched for questions asking this, I've seen many answers about opening the console that I'm showing on the screenshot, but all I see is the console of the command line debugger lldb, not the application's output.

printf is line buffered and requires a \n or flush to force it to print the output.
If you change your code to include the following line after every printf it will work the way you want.
printf("something I want in the console");
// Either of the next two lines should work
putchar('\n');
fflush(stdout);