Using SSMS 2016 I found that the autorecover HAD saved my files - not sure of frequency or convinced by the coverage, but in my case it had saved what I wanted.
I found the location by nosing around in the registry, for me the location was stored in a key here:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\SQL Server Management Studio\13.0\NewProjectDialog\MRUSettingsLocalProjectLocationEntries
My location was in My Documents\Visual Studio 2015, but I presume that will be different if you don't have VS installed!
Update:
There is a comment on this post which provides code to retrieve recently run queries.
TSQL: Get Last Queries Ran
SELECT deqs.last_execution_time AS [Time], dest.TEXT AS [Query]
FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats AS deqs
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(deqs.sql_handle) AS dest
ORDER BY deqs.last_execution_time DESC
Works a treat and there is enough there for you to filter and find any lost queries, although this is obviously a last resort solution and best suited to recovery just after the loss. Also, the queries won't be preserved over a SQL server restart.