Remove the simple quotes of your query:
SELECT u.id
    ,u.primeiroNome
    ,u.ultimoNome
    ,u.email
    ,p.cpf
FROM `user` as u
INNER JOIN pacientes as p ON p.user_id = u.id
Simple quotes are interpreted as string values and that the reason of your "anomaly" or problem.
Here is the same query but with use of backticks:
SELECT u.`id`
    ,u.`primeiroNome`
    ,u.`ultimoNome`
    ,u.`email`
    ,p.`cpf`
FROM `user` as u
INNER JOIN pacientes as p ON p.`user_id` = u.`id`
It's important to understand the distinction between single quotes and backticks when working with SQL queries.
Here you'll find more information about the use of these characters: When to use single quotes, double quotes, and backticks?
Hope this will help you.