None of these solutions work on the iPad, but I have come up with a solution that covers both devices:
With reusable cells:
- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
    UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:identifier];
    ...[other code]...
    [cell setLayoutMargins:UIEdgeInsetsZero];
    [cell setSeparatorInset:UIEdgeInsetsZero];
    return cell;
}
With non reusable cells:
- (void)removeSeparatorInset:(UITableView*)tableView{
    NSArray *cells = [tableView visibleCells];
    for (UITableViewCell *cell in cells){
        [cell setLayoutMargins:UIEdgeInsetsZero];
        [cell setSeparatorInset:UIEdgeInsetsZero];
    }
}
-(void) viewDidLayoutSubviews{
   [super viewDidLayoutSubviews];
   [self removeSeparatorInset:self.tableView];
}
Just to expand on this approach:
@property(nonatomic) UIEdgeInsets separatorInset;
@property(nonatomic) UIEdgeInsets layoutMargins;
Both properties can be used by UITableView & UITableViewCell.
The latter is, in fact, a property of UIView, which is a parent class of both UITableView & UITableViewCell.