(Okay, so my previous question is on hold as being too broad, so I'm narrowing it down here.)
I'm looking to take part in algorithmic programming contests, and a lot of problems hinge on the use of specialized data structures which are extremely good at a certain operation - for example, Fenwick trees allow calculation of prefix sums of a list of values in logarithmic time.
What is the preferred way of implementing such data structures in modern C++ (i.e. using C++11 features)? Is it possible to use STL algorithms and containers instead of writing structs and coding every operation by hand?
I'm looking for Fenwick trees, segment trees, treaps and some other data structures often useful in IOI-style contests, but general strategies are more than enough.
 
    