I want input1 to change the color to blue, when in is on focus. Why does this not work?
<div id="input1">input1:</div>
<input id="in">
css:
body {
    color: red;
}
#in:focus + #input1 {
    color: blue; 
}
I also created a jsfiddle
I want input1 to change the color to blue, when in is on focus. Why does this not work?
<div id="input1">input1:</div>
<input id="in">
css:
body {
    color: red;
}
#in:focus + #input1 {
    color: blue; 
}
I also created a jsfiddle
You can do this by changing the html markup as follow.
Your selector #in:focus + #input1 { will not work because + will select next sibling.
#in:focus + #input1 will select the #input1 element that is next to #in element which is focused.
You can read more about adjacent sibling selector
body {
  color: red;
}
#in:focus + #input1 {
  color: blue;
}
<input id="in">
<div id="input1">input1:</div>
As there is no previous sibling selector in CSS, you've to use Javascript.
Vanilla JS:
var input = document.getElementById('in'),
  div = document.getElementById('input1');
input.addEventListener('focus', function() {
  div.classList.add('focused');
}, false);
input.addEventListener('blur', function() {
  div.classList.remove('focused');
}, false);
body {
  color: red;
}
.focused {
  color: blue;
}
<div id="input1">input1:</div>
<input id="in">
If you're using jQuery
$('#in').on('focus', function() {
  $('#input1').addClass('focused');
}).on('blur', function() {
  $('#input1').removeClass('focused');
});
body {
  color: red;
}
.focused {
  color: blue;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div id="input1">input1:</div>
<input id="in">
You can change color only use CSS but it doesn't work with input element
May be you must use jQuery
 .ribbon::after {   content: "Look at this orange box.";   background-color: #FFBA10;   border-color: black;   border-style: dotted; }
.ribbon::after {   content: "Look at this orange box.";   background-color: #FFBA10;   border-color: black;   border-style: dotted; }
.ribbon:hover::after {   content: "Look at this orange box.";   background-color: red;   border-color: black;   border-style: dotted; }