I am writing a desktop application in Python (3.4) on Linux using Qt (4.8) and PyQt.
Is there a way to use/import Okular's pdf view functionality as a widget? If yes, how?
This works for me:
import sys
from PyKDE4.kdecore import ki18n, KAboutData, KCmdLineArgs
from PyKDE4.kdecore import KLibLoader as ll
from PyKDE4.kdeui import KApplication
import PyKDE4.kparts as kp
appName     = "KApplication"
catalog     = ""
programName = ki18n ("KApplication")
version     = "1.0"
description = ki18n ("KApplication")
license     = KAboutData.License_GPL
copyright   = ki18n ("(c) 2007 John Doe")
text        = ki18n ("none")
homePage    = "www.johndoe.com"
bugEmail    = "johndoe@nowhere.com "
aboutData   = KAboutData(
    appName, catalog, programName, version, description,
    license, copyright, text, homePage, bugEmail
)
KCmdLineArgs.init(sys.argv, aboutData)
app     = KApplication()
win     = kp.KParts.MainWindow()
okupart = ll.self().factory('okularpart').create()
win.setCentralWidget(okupart.widget())
win.show()
app.exec_()
pykde could provide the required functionality. I have not figured out how, though.
Get the latest version of pykde:
git clone git://anongit.kde.org/pykde4
Documentation: 
https://techbase.kde.org/Development/Languages/Python 
http://api.kde.org/pykde-4.3-api/install.html
Building it required PyQt4 and CMAKE. Some linux distributions ship an outdated version of FindPyQt.py (causing an error along the lines of Python importerror : pyqtconfig). A functional one can be found here: 
https://github.com/qgis/QGIS/blob/master/cmake/FindPyQt.py 
Place it in /usr/share/kde4/apps/cmake/modules/ 
For compiling your UI files into Python code, use pykdeuic4 instead of pyuic4:
pykdeuic4 file.ui > file.py