If you have the following setup:
FragmentA calls FragmentB with a SharedElementEnterTransition like
private final TransitionSet transition = new TransitionSet()
        .addTransition(new ChangeBounds());
//...
FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
            .replace(R.id.container, fragment, fragment.getClass().getSimpleName());
transaction.addSharedElement(view, view.getTransitionName());
fragment.setSharedElementEnterTransition(transition);
fragment.setSharedElementReturnTransition(transition);
transaction.commit();
to listen for the end of the SharedElementTransition in your second Fragment. Then you have to get the SharedElementEnterTransition in your FragmentB's onAttach like:
@Override
public void onAttach(Context context) {
    super.onAttach(context);
    TransitionSet transitionSet = (TransitionSet) getSharedElementEnterTransition();
    if (transitionSet != null) {
        transitionSet.addListener(new Transition.TransitionListener() {
            @Override
            public void onTransitionEnd(@NonNull Transition transition) {
                // remove listener as otherwise there are side-effects
                transition.removeListener(this);
                // do something here
            }
            @Override
            public void onTransitionStart(@NonNull Transition transition) {}
            @Override
            public void onTransitionCancel(@NonNull Transition transition) {}
            @Override
            public void onTransitionPause(@NonNull Transition transition) {}
            @Override
            public void onTransitionResume(@NonNull Transition transition) {}
        });
    }
}
As pointed out in the comments of  this answer there is a bug when not setting the listener in onAttach().