Why "~undefined" is -1 in JavaScript?

Question

According to this post, run the following codes

> ~function () { console.log('foo');}()
  foo
  -1

As we all know, the return value of the above anonymous function is undefined. Why ~undefined is -1? I couldn't find any similar question.

For anyone (like me), wondering what the tilde (`~`) does in JavaScript, [here is the answer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12299665/what-does-a-tilde-do-when-it-precedes-an-expression). — Uwe Keim, Dec 18 '15 at 07:31
@JoseFaeti or because someone cannot learn it properly, that's why! — zerkms, Dec 18 '15 at 07:43

Felix Kling · Accepted Answer · 2015-12-18T07:59:59.860

22

~ is bitwise NOT. It uses ToInt32 to convert the argument to a number. ToInt32 is defined as:

Let number be ToNumber(argument).

ReturnIfAbrupt(number).

If number is NaN, +0, −0, +∞, or −∞, return +0.
...

In turn, ToNumber(undefined) returns NaN, so according to step 3, ToInt32 returns 0.

And ~0 is -1.

edited Dec 18 '15 at 07:59

answered Dec 18 '15 at 07:44

Felix Kling

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Could you please points to where the standard says that *"operators are converted to signed 32-bit integers in two's complement format"* link to `ToInt32` (I am not questioning your answer, I am just curious)? – Holt Dec 18 '15 at 07:52
@Holt: I did link to the definition of `ToInt32`. Did you want a link to the spec of the NOT operator? – Felix Kling Dec 18 '15 at 07:56
Yes, I found it [here](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/index.html#sec-bitwise-not-operator) - The standard is far more explicit that the doc on developer.mozilla.org, I think it could be a good idea to add a link (or even quote) the standard for the `NOT` operator in your post. – Holt Dec 18 '15 at 07:59
all bitwise operators in javascript are done using (mainly) signed 32bit integers - I say mainly, because RHS of <<, >> and both LHS and RHS of >>> are unsigned 32bit – Jaromanda X Dec 18 '15 at 08:01
@JaromandaX I was asking because (for me) the quote from `developer.mozilla.org` is a bit equivocal, but the standard clearly points to `ToInt32`. – Holt Dec 18 '15 at 08:07

score 7 · Answer 2 · edited Dec 18 '15 at 09:27

every thing that cannot be represented in bits in JS for example "undefined, NaN" is treated a 0 or 0000000000000b for the ~ operator since it converts the operand into an signed integer see @felixkling answer for more details on this and since the operation ~ is BITwise not or 1s complement which flips the bits so the statement results in 111111111111b as a sequence of 1 and when dealing in numbers on binary level the MSB(most significant bit) is treated as a sign so when converting all the 0s to 1s it results in decimal value of -1 try ~0 for instance. and use this code to get the binary representation of a number (-3 >>> 0).toString(2))

score 2 · Answer 3 · answered Dec 18 '15 at 07:44

Apparently the bit representation of undefined is all 0s. This can be seen if by the following: undefined | 0 which evaluates to 0. Because of this we know that undefined's bit representation is all zeros.

If we now filp all bits (wich is exactly what ~ does) we get all 1s which is the representation of -1.

All this works because of javascript's type cohersion

Why "~undefined" is -1 in JavaScript?

3 Answers3