
In Activity/Fragment code:
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
    MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater();
    inflater.inflate(R.menu.activity_menu, menu);
    MenuItem searchMenuItem = menu.findItem(R.id.search);
    if (searchMenuItem == null) {
        return true;
    }
    searchView = (SearchView) searchMenuItem.getActionView();
    MenuItemCompat.setOnActionExpandListener(searchMenuItem, new MenuItemCompat.OnActionExpandListener() {
        @Override
        public boolean onMenuItemActionExpand(MenuItem item) {
            // Set styles for expanded state here
            if (getSupportActionBar() != null) {
                getSupportActionBar().setBackgroundDrawable(new ColorDrawable(Color.RED));
            }
            return true;
        }
        @Override
        public boolean onMenuItemActionCollapse(MenuItem item) {
            // Set styles for collapsed state here
            if (getSupportActionBar() != null) {
                getSupportActionBar().setBackgroundDrawable(new ColorDrawable(Color.BLUE));
            }
            return true;
        }
    });
    return true;
}
And actual menu's xml is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
    <item android:id="@+id/search"
        android:title="@string/search_title"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_menu_search"
        app:showAsAction="always|collapseActionView"
        app:actionViewClass="android.support.v7.widget.SearchView" />
</menu>
To change the color of back/X-buttons for expanded view add this into your styles:
<item name="colorControlNormal">@color/my_great_color</item>
To make change of the color smoother - you can animate it: Animate change of view background color on Android
I hope, it helps