The infix binary operator * does not exist for type String. You are attempting to multiply String objects (that are, inherently, not numerical) hence the error.
I'd suggest you make use of Leo Dabus excellent UITextField extension, however, in your case, extending UILabel (assuming pesoLabel and dosisLabel are UILabel instances)
extension UILabel {
    var stringValue : String { return text                ?? "" }
    var integerValue: Int    { return Int(stringValue)    ?? 0  }
    var doubleValue : Double { return Double(stringValue) ?? 0  }
    var floatValue  : Float  { return Float(stringValue)  ?? 0  }
}
Add this to the header of your .swift file. Thereafter you can update you button action method according to:
@IBAction func calcular(sender: AnyObject) {
    resultado.text = String(format: "", Sliderdosis)
    let peso = pesoLabel.doubleValue
    let dosis = dosisLabel.doubleValue
    let total = (peso * dosis) * 5 / 250
    resultado.text = String(total)   
}
Finally note that this subject is well-covered here on SO, so there exists existing threads that can help you convert string to numerical values. E.g.
Also have a look at the Asking section here on SO, it contains lots of valuable information of how to ask, when to ask, and so on.