I believe I have done something similar to this, if I am understanding your question.
ASPX Page
<a class="open-modal" href="/MyFolder/MyView">Open Modal</a>
JavaScript
        $(function () {
            $('body').on('click', '.open-modal', function (e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                $.post(this.href, function (html) {
                    $('<div />').kendoWindow({
                        visible: true,
                        title: 'My Modal',
                        modal: true,
                        width: '600px',
                        deactivate: function () {
                            this.element.closest('.k-widget').remove();
                        }
                    }).data('kendoWindow')
                    .content(html)
                    .center()
                    .open();
                });
            })
        });
MVC Controller Action
    [HttpPost]
    public PartialViewResult MyView()
    {
        var vm = new MyViewVM();
        return PartialView("_MyView", vm);
    }
Is that helpful at all?
UPDATE
Yea you can pass parameters. Just include them as querystring values on your <a> and add them to the controller action.
<a class="open-modal" href="/MyFolder/MyView?id=9&name=Test">Open Modal</a>
then ...
[HttpPost]
public PartialViewResult MyView(int id, string name)
{
    var vm = new MyViewVM();
    //get data and fill view modal with id
    return PartialView("_MyView", vm);
}
That should work just make sure your parameter names match
UPDATE 2
Ya if you wanted to add your parameters dynamically using the javascript you linked in the comments you could probably do this:
ASPX Page
<a class="open-modal" href="/MyFolder/MyView">Open Modal</a>
Javascript
       $(function () {
            $('body').on('click', '.open-modal', function (e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                var id = getParameterByName('id');
                var name = 'Test';
                $.post(this.href, { id: id, name: name }, function (html) {
                    $('<div />').kendoWindow({
                        visible: true,
                        title: 'My Modal',
                        modal: true,
                        width: '600px',
                        deactivate: function () {
                            this.element.closest('.k-widget').remove();
                        }
                    }).data('kendoWindow')
                    .content(html)
                    .center()
                    .open();
                });
            })
        });
The getParameterByName is defined in the link you posted in the comments and you controller action shouldn't need to change from the first UPDATE I posted.