The question was edited to clarify there are no tables.
MySQL (to my knowledge) has no sequence generator, and in order to prevent a procedure here's a trick you can use to generate a list of dates.
SELECT DATE(NOW() - INTERVAL n DAY) AS date,
       DAYNAME(NOW() - INTERVAL n DAY) AS day
  FROM (
    SELECT 0 n
    UNION SELECT 1
    UNION SELECT 2
    UNION SELECT 3
    UNION SELECT 4
    UNION SELECT 5
    UNION SELECT 6
  ) q
  ORDER BY day ASC
;
Note that this is a very cumbersome approach, imagine what a range of more dates would look like. If you need this for a one-shot operation, it'll be fine, if you are going to use this on a regular basis, you may want to create a procedure for it.
The table based answer (perhaps useful to others)
MySQL supports the DATE_ADD and DATE_SUB functions, which allows you to subtract an INTERVAL. Internally this is optimised to the following syntax, which you may find more flexible
SELECT *
  FROM table
 WHERE field >= NOW() - INTERVAL 7 DAY;
Most 'time units' are supported (MINUTE, HOUR, WEEK, etc) and you can replace the NOW() part with a field name too.
The DATE_ADD manual has some examples on how to use INTERVAL.
Basic syntax:
date + INTERVAL expr unit
date - INTERVAL expo unit
And implementation examples:
mysql> SELECT '2008-12-31 23:59:59' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND;
    -> '2009-01-01 00:00:00'
mysql> SELECT INTERVAL 1 DAY + '2008-12-31';
    -> '2009-01-01'
mysql> SELECT '2005-01-01' - INTERVAL 1 SECOND;
    -> '2004-12-31 23:59:59'