Unfortunately there is no parent selector in CSS but you can put label after input and do something like this (using the adjacent sibling combinator, "+", in your selector).
HMTL:
<input />
<label><label>
CSS: 
input['_type_']:checked + label:after{ /*means the element that follows input*/
    some css
}
You can also do some ugly hacky trick and put another label inside your label
JSFiddle
HTML: 
<label>
  click me
    <input type="checkbox"  />
  <label>color</label>
</label>
CSS:
input[type="checkbox"]:checked + label {
    color: red;
}
This way you can click label and do some stuff with another label that goes after the input.
HTH.