Configuring the max post size only applies to requests with a Content-Type of multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded. There's no mechanism available out of the box in Tomcat to limit the size of a request body for requests with any other content type so you'll have to write some code.
You could limit the content length using a filter. For example, adding the following class to your Spring Boot application will reject an request with a Content-Type that is compatible with application/json and a Content-Length over 10000:
@Component
static class ApplicationJsonRequestSizeLimitFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
    @Override
    protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)
                    throws ServletException, IOException {
        if (isApplicationJson(request) && request.getContentLengthLong() > 10000) {
            throw new IOException("Request content exceeded limit of 10000 bytes");
        }
        filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
    }
    private boolean isApplicationJson(HttpServletRequest httpRequest) {
        return (MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON.isCompatibleWith(MediaType
                .parseMediaType(httpRequest.getHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE))));
    }
}
Note that this filter won't reject requests without a Content-Length header that exceed 10000 bytes, for example one that uses chunked encoding.