I'm having the same problem. The server I'm downloading from supports the Range header. Using requests, the header is ignored and the entire file is downloaded with a 200 status code. Meanwhile, sending the request via urllib3 correctly returns the partial content with a 206 status code.
I suppose this must be some kind of bug or incompatibility. requests works fine with other files, including the one in the example below. Accessing my file requires basic authorization - perhaps that has something to do with it?
If you run into this, urllib3 may be worth trying. You'll already have it because requests uses it. This is how I worked around my problem:
import urllib3
url = "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2822.txt"
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
response = http.request('GET', url, headers={'Range':'bytes=0-100'})
Update: I tried sending a Range header to https://stackoverflow.com/, which is the link you specified. This returns the entire content with both Python modules as well as curl, despite the response header specifying accept-ranges: bytes. I can't say why.