You don't update the input, you update the model to which the input is bound.  Given the input you have:
<div ng-controller="MyCtrl">
    <input type='text' ng-model='input' ng-click="myFunction('some value')">
</div>
This is bound to the input property on the model.  As a simple example, that's a property on $scope.  So you set that property to whatever you like, and then in your function you update it.  Something like this:
var myApp = angular.module('myApp',[]);
function MyCtrl($scope) {
   $scope.input = 1;
   $scope.myFunction = function(value) {
        $scope.input = value;
  }
}
So the controller sets an initial default for the input value (which should probably have a better name) as 1.  Then when your ng-click event invokes myFunction it can pass it a new value.  Observe.